| 词条 | Fort Nelson, British Columbia |
| 释义 |
|name = Fort Nelson |official_name = |other_name = |native_name = |nicknames = Mile 300, Fort Nelly |settlement_type = Community |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = From top left: Northern Rockies Regional Municipality Logo, Northern Rockies Recreation Centre, Aerial view of Fort Nelson, Fort Nelson Welcome Sign, Muskwa River, Phoenix Theatre, Poplar Hills Golf and Country Club, Summit Mountain |image_flag = |pushpin_map = Canada British Columbia |pushpin_label_position = none |pushpin_map_caption = Location of Fort Nelson within the Northern Rockies District in British Columbia, Canada |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Canada |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = British Columbia |subdivision_type2 = Regional Municipality |subdivision_name2 = Northern Rockies Regional Municipality |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title |leader_title1 = Governing body |leader_name1 = Northern Rockies Regional Council |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = Jay Hill (Cons - Peace River) |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = Richard Neufeld (Lib - Peace River North) |established_title = Incorporated |established_date = 1971 |established_title2 = Amalgamated |established_date2 = 2009 |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = (2011)[1] |area_total_km2 = 13.26 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = [1] |population_note = |population_total = 3902 |population_density_km2 = 340.4 |timezone = Mountain Time Zone[1] |utc_offset = −7 |timezone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = −7 |coordinates = {{coord|58|48|21.3|N|122|41|47.3|W|region:CA-BC|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 410 |postal_code_type = Postal code span |postal_code = V0C |area_code = 250 / 778 / 236 |blank_name = Highways |blank_info = {{jct|state=BC|Hwy|97}} |website = {{URL|http://www.northernrockies.ca|Northern Rockies Regional Municipality}} }}Fort Nelson is a community in northeast British Columbia, Canada within the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality (NRRM).[2] It held town status prior to February 6, 2009 when it amalgamated with the former Northern Rockies Regional District to form the NRRM,[2][3] becoming its administrative centre. The NRRM is the first regional municipality in the province.[4] The community lies east of the northern Rocky Mountains in the Peace River region along the Alaska Highway at mile 300.[5] Fort Nelson is home to 3,902 residents, representing 70% of the NRRM's total population of 5,578.[1] The majority of Fort Nelson's economic activity has historically been concentrated in the energy and tourism industries, and until recently, forestry.[6] The forests surrounding Fort Nelson are part of Canada's boreal forest. Fort Nelson is on the southwest edge of the Greater Sierra oil & gas field. HistoryFort Nelson, named in honour of the British naval hero Horatio Nelson, was established by the Northwest Trading Company in 1805 as a fur-trading post.[7] Due to fires, floods and feuds, Fort Nelson is in its fifth location. The Fort Nelson Airport played a key role in developing Fort Nelson as a community. Yukon Southern Air Transport began chartering flights to the regional airport in 1935. World War IIThe Fort Nelson Airport was also a valuable asset for allied military forces in World War II, as it served as an airbase for the United States Air Force and for the Royal Canadian Air Force. Contrary to popular belief that the construction of the Alaska Highway commenced in Dawson Creek, Fort Nelson was the original mile 0 on the Alaska Highway because of the existence of a previously constructed road from Fort Saint John to Fort Nelson.[8] Alaska HighwayThe United States Army built perhaps the most notable historical artifact in the area, the Alaska Highway. Construction began in 1942 out of a firm belief that Alaska faced significant threat of Japanese invasion. Initial highway construction was performed by over 11,000 U.S. soldiers. After approximately nine lengthy and strenuous months, the highway was finally completed, making Fort Nelson a bustling service-center along the famous road. After the Japanese surrender of 1945, the U.S. Army ceded the Canadian portion of the highway to the Canadian government, which it made accessible to the public in 1948.[9] Post-World War IIIn the years following World War II, the construction of the Alaska Highway, and the construction of the Fort Nelson Airport, Fort Nelson grew considerably as a community.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} In the early 1950s the first five acres were sold to locals, which marked the start of the community as a separate entity from the military. Oil- and gas-exploration in the early 1950s provided Fort Nelson with the industrial sector that it required{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} to jump-start expansion of the community into what would eventually become the village of Fort Nelson in 1971. The 1960s also had Fort Nelson's education system offer grades 1-12 education. After the completion of BC Hydro's natural-gas power plant to provide electricity to the region, Fort Nelson experienced true{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} growth. A railway was built by the Pacific Great Eastern up to Fort Nelson in 1971 which allowed efficient transportation of the local industry's major products (lumber, oil, and gas) to larger markets in the south. GeographyFort Nelson lies near the confluence of Fort Nelson River (which took the name from the community), Muskwa River and Prophet River. The entire region of the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality, of which Fort Nelson is the largest community, constitutes 10% of the province’s total landmass. Fort Nelson is well known to be surrounded by mountainous beauty pertaining to the northern portion of the Rocky Mountains.[10] WildlifeThe Northern Rockies Regional Municipality is home to an extensive variety of wildlife which attracts many tourists and hunters to the region. Wildlife found in the area include animals such as moose, black bear, grizzly bear, caribou, deer (white-tail and mule), elk, bison, stone sheep, mountain goat, wolves, and several more. The region, especially the area around the Liard Hot Springs, is home to several bird species such as the golden eagle, the bald eagle, and the great horned owl.[10] ClimateFort Nelson has a climate right on the boundary between a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) and a humid continental climate (Dfb). Winters, except when dry chinook winds blow from the Pacific Ocean tend to be severely cold and generally dry with snow depth of only {{convert|0.5|m|in|1}} typical owing to the dryness of the {{convert|1.77|m|in|2|adj=on}} snowfall, while summers are warm and occasionally rainy, though spells of hot weather are rare. Fort Nelson is colder than anywhere else in British Columbia from November through February, but the mean average temperature during the summer is warmer than coastal areas even far south such as Victoria and comparable to Vancouver. {{Weather box|location = Fort Nelson Airport |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan maximum humidex = 9.0 |Feb maximum humidex = 13.3 |Mar maximum humidex = 16.1 |Apr maximum humidex = 26.7 |May maximum humidex = 33.9 |Jun maximum humidex = 36.4 |Jul maximum humidex = 41.2 |Aug maximum humidex = 36.6 |Sep maximum humidex = 32.3 |Oct maximum humidex = 26.7 |Nov maximum humidex = 17.8 |Dec maximum humidex = 10.4 |year maximum humidex = 41.2 |Jan record high C = 10.7 |Feb record high C = 15.0 |Mar record high C = 17.8 |Apr record high C = 27.3 |May record high C = 32.1 |Jun record high C = 33.9 |Jul record high C = 36.7 |Aug record high C = 34.4 |Sep record high C = 32.8 |Oct record high C = 26.7 |Nov record high C = 18.3 |Dec record high C = 10.7 |year record high C = 36.7 |Jan high C = -16.1 |Feb high C = -9.5 |Mar high C = -1.1 |Apr high C = 9.6 |May high C = 16.4 |Jun high C = 21.5 |Jul high C = 23.2 |Aug high C = 21.4 |Sep high C = 15.3 |Oct high C = 5.2 |Nov high C = -8.8 |Dec high C = -14.6 |year high C = 5.2 |Jan mean C = -20.3 |Feb mean C = -15.2 |Mar mean C = -7.6 |Apr mean C = 3.0 |May mean C = 9.7 |Jun mean C = 15.1 |Jul mean C = 17.1 |Aug mean C = 15.1 |Sep mean C = 9.2 |Oct mean C = 0.5 |Nov mean C = -12.8 |Dec mean C = -18.7 |year mean C = -0.4 |Jan low C = -24.6 |Feb low C = -20.8 |Mar low C = -14.2 |Apr low C = -3.6 |May low C = 3.0 |Jun low C = 8.6 |Jul low C = 10.9 |Aug low C = 8.8 |Sep low C = 3.1 |Oct low C = -4.2 |Nov low C = -16.7 |Dec low C = -22.8 |year low C = -6.0 |Jan record low C = -51.7 |Feb record low C = -48.3 |Mar record low C = -39.4 |Apr record low C = -34.4 |May record low C = -15.0 |Jun record low C = -1.1 |Jul record low C = 1.1 |Aug record low C = -4.5 |Sep record low C = -16.7 |Oct record low C = -28.6 |Nov record low C = -41.1 |Dec record low C = -47.8 |year record low C = -51.7 |Jan chill = -55.0 |Feb chill = -55.6 |Mar chill = -51.5 |Apr chill = -37.6 |May chill = -19.9 |Jun chill = -3.3 |Jul chill = 0.0 |Aug chill = -3.8 |Sep chill = -19.7 |Oct chill = -39.2 |Nov chill = -51.6 |Dec chill = -54.6 |year chill = -55.6 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 21.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 14.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 18.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 18.9 |May precipitation mm = 49.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 63.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 78.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 71.3 |Sep precipitation mm = 40.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 32.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 25.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 18.0 |year precipitation mm = 452.1 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 0.3 |Feb rain mm = 0.1 |Mar rain mm = 0.3 |Apr rain mm = 7.4 |May rain mm = 42.4 |Jun rain mm = 62.9 |Jul rain mm = 78.4 |Aug rain mm = 70.7 |Sep rain mm = 37.4 |Oct rain mm = 12.1 |Nov rain mm = 0.7 |Dec rain mm = 0.2 |year rain mm = 312.6 |Jan snow cm = 28.6 |Feb snow cm = 22.4 |Mar snow cm = 27.2 |Apr snow cm = 15.7 |May snow cm = 7.5 |Jun snow cm = 0.1 |Jul snow cm = 0.0 |Aug snow cm = 0.6 |Sep snow cm = 3.4 |Oct snow cm = 23.3 |Nov snow cm = 35.3 |Dec snow cm = 26.8 |year snow cm = 190.8 |Jan humidity = 71.3 |Feb humidity = 63.6 |Mar humidity = 50.8 |Apr humidity = 41.3 |May humidity = 42.0 |Jun humidity = 45.2 |Jul humidity = 50.5 |Aug humidity = 51.6 |Sep humidity = 53.8 |Oct humidity = 66.3 |Nov humidity = 77.9 |Dec humidity = 75.2 |year humidity = 57.5 |unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm |Jan precipitation days = 10.5 |Feb precipitation days = 8.7 |Mar precipitation days = 8.9 |Apr precipitation days = 6.4 |May precipitation days = 10.3 |Jun precipitation days = 12.9 |Jul precipitation days = 14.6 |Aug precipitation days = 12.7 |Sep precipitation days = 10.7 |Oct precipitation days = 10.3 |Nov precipitation days = 11.1 |Dec precipitation days = 9.8 |year precipitation days = 126.9 |unit rain days = 0.2 mm |Jan rain days = 0.3 |Feb rain days = 0.1 |Mar rain days = 0.4 |Apr rain days = 2.8 |May rain days = 9.5 |Jun rain days = 12.9 |Jul rain days = 14.6 |Aug rain days = 12.7 |Sep rain days = 10.1 |Oct rain days = 5.0 |Nov rain days = 0.5 |Dec rain days = 0.3 |year rain days= 69.2 |unit snow days = 0.2 cm |Jan snow days = 11.2 |Feb snow days = 9.5 |Mar snow days = 9.3 |Apr snow days = 4.4 |May snow days = 1.9 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.2 |Sep snow days = 1.2 |Oct snow days = 6.8 |Nov snow days = 11.8 |Dec snow days = 10.6 |year snow days = 66.7 |Jan sun = 64.3 |Feb sun = 99.4 |Mar sun = 166.3 |Apr sun = 236.4 |May sun = 267.3 |Jun sun = 285.2 |Jul sun = 273.7 |Aug sun = 258.2 |Sep sun = 170.6 |Oct sun = 97.6 |Nov sun = 60.4 |Dec sun = 48.3 |year sun = 2027.7 |Jan percentsun = 29.3 |Feb percentsun = 38.1 |Mar percentsun = 45.5 |Apr percentsun = 54.7 |May percentsun = 51.2 |Jun percentsun = 51.9 |Jul percentsun = 50.0 |Aug percentsun = 53.9 |Sep percentsun = 44.1 |Oct percentsun = 30.6 |Nov percentsun = 25.7 |Dec percentsun = 24.4 |year percentsun = 41.6 |source 1 = [11]|date=9 March 2013 }} DemographicsIn the 2011 Census, the dissolved Town of Fort Nelson had a population of 3,902 living in 1,585 of its 1,804 total dwellings, a -13.6% change from its 2006 population of 4,514. With a land area of {{convert|13.26|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|3902|13.26|km2|sqmi}} in 2011.[12] In 2005, Fort Nelson's median household income was $83,188, which is above the British Columbian provincial average of $52,709.[13] Fort Nelson is the home to a very diverse group of residents with approximately 14% of the community's residents being of Aboriginal identity.[13] Fort Nelson has also seen a large increase in the number of foreigners coming to the community, with substantial increases in number of residents from the Philippines.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Fort Nelson is a fairly young community in comparison to the rest of the province, with 30.7% of the population being under the age of 19.[13] Approximately 44% of Fort Nelson residents over the age of 15 have attained an education beyond a high school certificate or equivalent in the forms of trades, colleges, or universities.[13] {{Historical populations| title = Historical populations | type = Canada | align = centre | width = | state = | shading = | percentages = | footnote = |2001|4188 |2006|4514 |2011|3902 |2016|3366 }} EconomyDue to major increases and improvements to the oil and gas industry in the Horn River Basin, Fort Nelson has experienced substantial growth in recent years. Natural gas, forestry, tourism and agriculture make up the majority of local industry. Natural gasUnconventional gas exploration is the premier industry in Fort Nelson, employing a large percentage of Fort Nelson's community members. The region's natural gas industry centers around the Horn River Basin, Liard Basin, and the Cordova basin which all contain vast amounts of gas in shale rock formations. Many of the world's most recognizable oil and gas companies are operating in the region, including EnCana, Nexen, Apache, Imperial Oil, and several more. The most common form of gas extraction is the combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, in which a drill bit is first vertically, then horizontally inserted deep into the ground in an attempt to reach poorly accessible shale gas formations. As with any gas operation in North America, there are significant concerns to the environmental and social effects of the industry on the surrounding area. Large amounts of water are being extracted, most of which is withdrawn from nearby lakes and rivers, which continues to be a hot topic in the region and within the oil and gas industry. ForestryFort Nelson is surrounded by vast plains and mountains of boreal forest. The relatively untouched timber supply was the contributing factor to companies such as Canfor constructing large factories that employed hundreds of people. In recent years, both the Canfor mill and the Tackama mill have completely ceased operations based on high costs and a struggling US housing market. The closure of the mills proved to be devastating for locals, displacing several hundreds of local employees and their families. At present, the oil and gas industry is responsible for the majority of forestry operations currently in progress in the region, based on its need for service roads and deforested operational land. TourismAlthough very seasonal in Fort Nelson, tourism continues to be an important economic sector in Fort Nelson’s economy. Approximately 300,000 tourists, most of whom are retired RV travellers heading to or from Alaska, visit Fort Nelson on an annual basis.[14] The Northern Rockies Regional Municipality is also home to several world-renowned tourist attractions such as the Liard Hot Springs, Muncho Lake Provincial Park, and the Alaska Highway. Hunting, fishing, snowmobiling, dog sledding, bird watching and hiking are all popular outdoor recreational activities that draw thousands of tourists to the region every year. Attractions
On 18 June 2005, people in Fort Nelson held a water balloon fight with over 40000 water balloons being tossed in less than three minutes. At the time, it was a world record.[16] GovernmentFort Nelson was originally incorporated as a village in 1971, but established itself as an unregistered community shortly before that. In 1960, based on significant growth in the oil and gas industry of the region, the Fort Nelson Improvement District was formed in order to provide community members with essential infrastructural needs such as water and sewer services. Harry Clarke was elected the first mayor of Fort Nelson in 1971 and since then, Fort Nelson has consistently elected one regional representative, although not always historically referred to as a mayor. In February 2009, citizens of the region voted heavily in favour of officially amalgamating the region’s governing bodies into The Northern Rockies Regional Municipality. The Northern Rockies Regional Municipality is the first of its kind in British Columbia. InfrastructureRoadsFort Nelson is located along Highway 97 (Alaska Highway), south of the intersection with Highway 77. (SYD) Sierra Yoyo Desan Road. Was the main Oilfield road in the area starting in Fort Nelson and ending 188 km east north east. With numerous PDRs and (winter ice roads entering Alberta through Rainbow lake or Zama City. Greyhound Canada operates a bus depot in the community. AirportThe Fort Nelson Regional Airport (YYE) is located about 8 km northeast of Fort Nelson. The airport is one of the fastest growing regional airport facilities in Canada. Fully serviced by Central Mountain Air, 7 days a week and up to 5 flights a day, passengers are able to connect to international markets through Edmonton (YEG), Calgary (YYC) and Vancouver (YVR) international airports. RailCN Rail operates a former BC Rail line that has its northern terminus in Fort Nelson. It runs one train weekly.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} EducationFort Nelson is home to three public elementary schools (G.W. Carlson, and J.S. Clark, both grades K - 4, and R.L. Angus, grades 5 - 7) and one public high school (Fort Nelson Secondary School, grades 8 - 12), as well as an independent school owned and operated by the Fort Nelson First Nation (Chalo School). The Northern Lights College has a small campus situated in Fort Nelson that awards several trades certificates and diplomas to students. References1. ^{{cite news |last=Reaburn |first=Adam |date=February 21, 2015 |url=http://energeticcity.ca/article/news/2015/02/21/fort-nelson-change-time-one-last-time-this-march |title=Fort Nelson to change time one last time this March |newspaper=Energeticcity.ca |location=Fort St. John |access-date=September 25, 2015}} 2. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.northernrockies.ca/EN/main/communities/fort-nelson.html | title=Fort Nelson | publisher=Northern Rockies Regional Municipality | accessdate=December 6, 2012 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814003053/http://www.northernrockies.ca/EN/main/communities/fort-nelson.html | archivedate=August 14, 2012 | df= }} 3. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.cscd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/infra/library/regional_stats11_summary.pdf | title=Statistics Relating to Regional and Municipal Governments in BC 2011 | publisher=Ministry of Community, Sport and Cultural Development | page=21 of 30 | accessdate=December 6, 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web |url = http://brenthodson.ca/?p=78 |title = Fort Nelson becomes B.C.’s first Regional Municipality |publisher = Brent Hodson |date = February 10, 2009 |accessdate = 2009-06-27}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.northernrockies.org/ |title=Northern Rockies |publisher=Northern Rockies |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717060730/http://www.northernrockies.org/ |archivedate=2012-07-17 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite web |url = http://foresttalk.com/index.php/2008/10/08/canfor-closes-tackama-plywood-plant-inde |title = Canfor closes Tackama plywood plant indefinitely |publisher = ForestTalk.com |date = October 8, 2008 |accessdate = 2009-06-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212011023/http://foresttalk.com/index.php/2008/10/08/canfor-closes-tackama-plywood-plant-inde |archive-date = December 12, 2008 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hellobc.com/fort-nelson/culture-history.aspx|website=Destination British Columbia|accessdate=26 August 2016}} 8. ^{{cite web |title= Fort Nelson History |url= http://www.fortnelsonmuseum.ca/history.html |publisher= Fort Nelson Museum |accessdate= 11 June 2012}} 9. ^{{cite web |title= History of Northeastern British Columbia |url= http://fortnelson.bclibrary.ca/local-info/fort-nelson-local-history-archive |publisher= Fort Nelson Public Library |access-date= 2012-06-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121120054851/http://fortnelson.bclibrary.ca/local-info/fort-nelson-local-history-archive |archive-date= 2012-11-20 |dead-url= yes |df= }} 10. ^1 {{cite web |title=Official Community Plan Bylaw |url=https://nr.civicweb.net/Documents/DocumentDisplay.aspx?ID=51471 |publisher=Northern Rockies Regional Municipality |accessdate=11 June 2012}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/station_metadata_e.html?StnId=1455 |title=Calculation Information for 1981 to 2010 Canadian Normals Data |publisher=Environment Canada |accessdate=July 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613235609/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/station_metadata_e.html?StnId=1455 |archive-date=June 13, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 12. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5959005&Geo2=CD&Code2=5959&Data=Count&SearchText=Northern%20Rockies&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5959&TABID=1 | title=Census Profile - Fort Nelson, Town, British Columbia (Dissolved census subdivision) and Northern Rockies, RD, British Columbia (Census division) | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=November 2, 2012 | accessdate=December 6, 2012}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url=http://census2006.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5959005&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=British%20Columbia&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=2006 Community Profiles: Fort Nelson, British Columbia (Town) and British Columbia (Province) | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=December 6, 2010 | accessdate=December 6, 2012}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.northernrockies.ca/EN/main/business/economic-development/Tourism.html |title=Tourism |publisher=Northern Rockies Regional Municipality |accessdate=15 June 2012}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fortnelsonmuseum.ca/ |title=Fort Nelson Heritage Museum |publisher=Fortnelsonmuseum.ca |date=2009-01-17 |accessdate=2012-06-12}} 16. ^{{cite news|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/40-000-water-balloons-tossed-in-b-c-fight-1.556943|title = 40000 water balloons tossed in B.C. fight|publisher = CBC News|date = June 20, 2005|accessdate = 2015-10-07}} External links{{commons category|Fort Nelson, British Columbia}}{{Wikivoyage|Fort Nelson}}
6 : Former municipalities in British Columbia|Hudson's Bay Company forts|North West Company forts|Peace River Country|Populated places in the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality|Populated places disestablished in 2009 |
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