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词条 Uyghur Arabic alphabet
释义

  1. Old alphabet compared to modern

  2. References

{{redirect|Uyghur alphabet|auxiliary alphabets used to write Uyghur|Uyghur alphabets}}{{Infobox writing system
|name=Uyghur alphabet
|altname= {{ug-textonly|ئۇيغۇر يېزىقى}}
|type=Alphabets
|languages= Uyghur
|sample=Uyghurche.png
|imagesize=120px
|caption=Example of writing in the Uyghur alphabet: Uyghur
|time=
|fam1=Proto-Sinaitic
|fam2=Phoenician
|fam3=Aramaic
|fam4=Nabataean
|fam5=Arabic
|fam6=Perso-Arabic
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]

[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]

[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]

[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF]

{{Arabic script sidebar|Uyghur}}

The Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet ({{ug|ئۇيغۇر ئەرەب يېزىقى|Uyghur Ereb Yëziqi or UEY|6=Уйғур Әрәб Йезиқи}}) is an Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language, primarily by Uyghurs living in China. It is one of several Uyghur alphabets and has been the official alphabet of the Uyghur language since 1982.[1]

The first Perso-Arabic derived alphabet for Uyghur was developed in the 10th century, when Islam was introduced there. The version used for writing the Chagatai language. It became the regional literary language, now known as the Chagatay alphabet. It was used nearly exclusively up to the early 1920s. Alternative Uyghur scripts then began emerging and collectively largely displaced Chagatai; Kona Yëziq, meaning "old script", now distinguishes it and UEY from the alternatives that are not derived from Arabic. Between 1937 and 1954 the Perso-Arabic alphabet used to write Uyghur was modified by removing redundant letters and adding markings for vowels.[2][3] A Cyrillic alphabet was adopted in the 1950s and a Latin alphabet in 1958.[4] The modern Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet was made official in 1978 and reinstituted by the Chinese government in 1983, with modifications for representing Uyghur vowels.[5][6][7][8]

The Arabic alphabet used before the modifications (Kona Yëziq) did not represent Uyghur vowels and according to Robert Barkley Shaw, spelling was irregular and long vowel letters were frequently written for short vowels since most Turki speakers were unsure of the difference between long and short vowels.[9] The pre-modification alphabet used Arabic diacritics (zabar, zer, and pesh) to mark short vowels.[10]

Robert Shaw wrote that Turki writers either "inserted or omitted" the letters for the long vowels ا, و and ي at their own fancy so multiple spellings of the same word could occur, and the ة was used to represent a short a by some Turki writers.[11][12][13]

The reformed modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet eliminated letters whose sounds were found only in Arabic and spelt Arabic and Persian loanwords, including Islamic religious words, as they were pronounced in Uyghur, not as they were originally spelt in Arabic or Persian.

Alphabetical order for the traditional Perso-Arabic Script (Kona Yëziq) used before the 20th century
Letter ا}}ب}}پ}}ت}}ج}}چ}}ح}}خ}}د}}ر}}ز}}س}}ش}}
Latin a b p t j ch h kh d r z s sh
Letter ع}}غ}}ف}}ق}}ك}}گ}}نگ}}ل}}م}}ن}}و}}ھ}}ى}}
Latin ain Gh, Ghain f q k g ng l m n w, o, u h y, e, i
Vowel Marks used for the traditional Perso-Arabic Script used before the 20th century
Letter ـَ}}ـِ}}ـُ}}
Name zabar zer pesh
Letter ا}}ي}}و}}
Name alif ye wáo
Alphabetical order for reformed modern Uyghur Arabic Script
Letter ئا،ا}}ئە،ە}}ب}}پ}}ت}}ج}}چ}}خ}}د}}ر}}ز}}ژ}}س}}ش}}غ}}ف}}
IPA ɑ,a ɛ,æ b p t dʒ tʃ χ,x d r,ɾ z ʒ s ʃ ʁ,ɣ f,ɸ
Letter ق}}ك}}گ}}ڭ}}ل}}م}}ن}}ھ}}ئو،و}}ئۇ،ۇ}}ئۆ،ۆ}}ئۈ،ۈ}}ۋ}}ئې،ې}}ئى،ى}}ي}}
IPA q k g ŋ l m n h,ɦ o,ɔ u,ʊ ø y,ʏ w,v e i,ɨ j

Several of these alternatives were influenced by security-policy considerations of the Soviet Union or the People's Republic of China. (Soviet Uyghur areas experienced several non-Arabic alphabets, and the former CIS countries, especially Kazakhstan, now use primarily a Cyrillic-based alphabet, called Uyghur Siril Yëziqi.)

A Pinyin-derived Latin-based alphabet (with additional letters borrowed from Cyrillic), then called “New script” or Uyghur Yëngi Yëziq or UYY, was for a time the only officially approved alphabet used for Uyghur in Xinjiang. It had technical shortcomings and met social resistance; Uyghur Ereb Yëziqi (UEY), an expansion of the old Chagatai alphabet based on the Arabic script, is now recognized, along with a newer Latin-based alphabet called Uyghur Latin Yëziqi or ULY, replacing the former Pinyin-derived alphabet; UEY is sometimes intended when the term "Kona Yëziq" is used.[14]

Old alphabet compared to modern

Old Perso-Arabic alphabet (Kona Yëziq) used before the 20th century Modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet Latin Meaning
بغرا بۇغرا bughra bull camel
ارسلان ئارىسلان arislan lion
سلطان سۇلتان sultan sultan
يوسف يۈسۈپ Yüsüp Yusuf
حسن ھەسەن Hesen Hassan
خلق خەلق xelq people
كافر كاپىر kapir infidel
مسلمان مۇسۇلمان musulman Muslim
منافق مۇناپىق munapiq hypocrite
اسلام ئىسلام Islam Islam
دين دىن din religion
كاشقر قەشقەر Qeshqer Kashgar
ختن خوتەن Xoten Khotan
ينگي حصار يېڭىسار Yëngisar Yangi Hissar
ساريق قول سارىقول Sariqol Sarikol
قيرغيز قىرغىز Qirghiz Kirghiz
دولان دولان Dolan Dolan people
كوندوز كۈندۈز kündüz day-time
ساريغ or ساريق سېرىق sériq yellow
مارالباشي مارالبېشى Maralbëshi Maralbexi County
لونگي لۇنگى Lun'gi Lungi
آلتی شهر ئالتە شەھەر Alte sheher Altishahr
آفاق خواجه ئاپاق خوجا Apaq Xoja Afaq Khoja
پيچاق پىچاق pichaq knife

References

1. ^XUAR Government Document No. XH-1982-283
2. ^{{cite book|first=Minglang |last=Zhou |title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=joE5ZASNCGYC|page=166}}|year=2003|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-017896-8|pages=166–}}
3. ^{{cite book|first1=Éva Ágnes Csató |last1=Johanson|first2=Lars |last2=Johanson|title=The Turkic Languages|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=U1009DRu_vMC|page=387}}|date=1 September 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-06610-2|pages=387–}}
4. ^{{cite book|first1=Linda |last1=Benson|first2=Ingvar |last2=Svanberg|title=China's Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China's Kazaks|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=iNct0NqCP8gC|page=174}}|date=11 March 1998|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-4059-8|pages=174–}}
5. ^{{cite book|first=Michael |last=Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=BwuSpFiOFfYC|page=159}}|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|pages=159–}}
6. ^{{cite book|first=S. Frederick |last=Starr|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=GXj4a3gss8wC|page=195}}|date=15 March 2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3192-3|pages=195–}}
7. ^{{cite book|first1=Michael |last1=Dillon|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=1ia-2lDtGH4C|page=27}}|date=23 October 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-36096-3|pages=27–}}
8. ^{{cite book|first=James A. |last=Millward|title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8FVsWq31MtMC|page=236}}|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13924-3|pages=236–}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Robert Shaw|title=A Sketch of the Turki Language: As Spoken in Eastern Turkistan ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw7gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1878|pages=13-}}
10. ^{{cite book|author=Robert Shaw|title=A Sketch of the Turki Language: As Spoken in Eastern Turkistan ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw7gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1878|pages=15-}}
11. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=dw7gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA133&dq=many+words+letters+either+inserted+omitted+according+fancy+writer+under+spelling+other+verbs+ending+not+be+found&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcjsnW6svJAhUFcz4KHT01B6IQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=many%20words%20letters%20either%20inserted%20omitted%20according%20fancy%20writer%20under%20spelling%20other%20verbs%20ending%20not%20be%20found&f=false Shaw 1878]
12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=TbXhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=many+words+letters+either+inserted+omitted+according+fancy+writer+under+spelling+other+verbs+ending+not+be+found&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcjsnW6svJAhUFcz4KHT01B6IQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=many%20words%20letters%20either%20inserted%20omitted%20according%20fancy%20writer%20under%20spelling%20other%20verbs%20ending%20not%20be%20found&f=false Shaw 1878]
13. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=zboIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA419&dq=many+words+letters+either+inserted+omitted+according+fancy+writer+under+spelling+other+verbs+ending+not+be+found&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcjsnW6svJAhUFcz4KHT01B6IQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=many%20words%20letters%20either%20inserted%20omitted%20according%20fancy%20writer%20under%20spelling%20other%20verbs%20ending%20not%20be%20found&f=false Shaw 1878]
14. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Duval | first1 = Jean Rahman | last2 = Janbaz | first2 = Waris Abdukerim | title = An Introduction to Latin-Script Uyghur | year = 2006 | pages = 1–2 | publisher = University of Utah | location = Salt Lake City | url = http://www.uyghurdictionary.org/excerpts/An%20Introduction%20to%20LSU.pdf}}
{{Arabic alphabets}}{{Uyghur language}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Uyghur Arabic alphabet}}

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