| 词条 | Vaccination schedule |
| 释义 |
A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence. This topic can cause much controversy over whether or not it could impact health after dosage at an early age. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen.[1] Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time. For example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended every 10 years.[2] Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed.[3] Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, sub national areas, or at-risk populations) where a disease is common. For instance, yellow fever vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease.[4] In developing countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage. Sample vaccination schedules discussed by the World Health Organization show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25.[5] This difference is due to the lower cost of health care, the lower cost of many vaccines provided to developing nations, and that more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized. }} |
Major additions, replacements and removals from the New Zealand Immunization Schedule include:[40]
All recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the Federal Ministry of Health.
| Vaccine | Birth | 2 mo. | 3 mo. | 4 mo. | 5 mo. | 6 mo. | 9 mo. | 12 mo. | 18 mo. | 4 yrs | 5 yrs | 9 yrs | 11 yrs | 10-59 yrs | ≥60 yrs | Pregnancy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuberculosis and Leprosy | BCG | |||||
| Hepatitis B | HB | 5v | 5v | 5v | ||
| Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis | DTP | |||||
| Haemophilus Influenza B | ||||||
| Polio | OPV | OPV | OPV | OPV | OPV | OPV |
| Pneumococcal | PCV | PCV | PCV | PCV | ||
| Meningococcal | MCV | MCV | ||||
| Yellow fever | YF | |||||
| Influenza | HiB | HiB | HiB |
The United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule is recommended by the Department of Health and National Health Service, and uses combination immunisations where available.
| Vaccine | 2 mo. | 3 mo. | 4 mo. | 12 mo. | 3–4 yrs | 12–13 yrs | 13–18 yrs | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus | DTaP + IPV + Hib | DTaP + IPV + Hib | DTaP + IPV + Hib | DTaP + IPV | Td + IPV | ||||||||||||
| Polio vaccine (inactivated) | |||||||||||||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae type b | Hib/MenC | ||||||||||||||||
| Meningococcus | MenB | MenB | MenB | MenACWY (13-15 yrs) | |||||||||||||
| Rotavirus (from July 2013) | Rotavirus | Rotavirus | |||||||||||||||
| Pneumococcal | PCV | PCV | PCV | ||||||||||||||
| Measles, mumps, and rubella | MMR | MMR | |||||||||||||||
| Human papillomavirus vaccine | HPV x2 | ||||||||||||||||
| {{small|{{note|uk1|1.}} HPV for Females only 2 vaccinations over 24 months}} | |||||||||||||||||
Some children may receive vaccines in addition to those listed in the table:
The five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity; thus, no routine booster doses are given in adulthood. Those adults at risk of contaminated cuts (e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years.[42]
Pneumococcal vaccinations (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine/PPV) are recommended for those over 65 and for people without a functional spleen (asplenia), either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly.[43] Also, it should be noted that current CDC guidelines recommend that if not previously vaccinated, administer PCV13 first and give PPSV23 6–12 months after, but if previously received PPSV23, administer PCV13 ≥12 months after [44]Flu vaccine is recommended for anyone who is aged 65 years and over, people with certain long-term medical conditions, health and social care professionals and poultry workers.[45]The most up-to-date schedules are available from CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. In the US, the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines.[46]
| Vaccine | Birth | 1 month | 2 mo. | 4 mo. | 6 mo. | 9 mo. | 12 mo. | 15 mo. | 18 mo. | 19-23 mo | 2-3 yrs | 4–6 yrs | 7-10 yrs | 11–12 yrs | 13-18 yrs | 19–26 yrs | 27-59 yrs | 60–64 yrs | ≥65 yrs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis B (HepB) | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 3 doses | |||||||||||||||||
| Rotavirus | 1st | 2nd | |||||||||||||||||||
| Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus | DTaP | DTaP | DTaP | DTaP | DTaP | Tdap | Td (every 10 years) | ||||||||||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) | 1st | 2nd | 3rd or 4th | 1 or 3 doses | |||||||||||||||||
| Pneumococcal | 1st PCV | 2nd PCV | 3rd PCV | 4th PCV | PPSV | PPSV | |||||||||||||||
| Polio vaccine, inactivated (IPV) | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |||||||||||||||||
| Influenza | Annual vaccination (IIV only) | Annual vaccination (IIV or LAIV) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) | 1st | 2nd | 1 or 2 doses | 1 dose | |||||||||||||||||
| Varicella (chickenpox) | 1st | 2nd | Addition of shingles vaccine | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hepatitis A | 2-dose series | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Meningococcus | MCV | Dose 1 | Booster at 16 | 1 or more doses | |||||||||||||||||
| Human papillomavirus vaccine | 3 doses | 3 doses{{ref|hpv|1}} | |||||||||||||||||||
| {{legend|yellow|Range of recommended ages for everyone. See references for more details.}}{{legend|violet|Range of recommended ages for certain high-risk groups. See references for more details.}}{{legend|aqua|Range of recommended ages for catch-up immunization or for people who lack evidence of immunity (e.g., lack documentation of vaccination or have no evidence of prior infection). [https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/catchup-schedule-pr.pdf CDC provides more detailed information in catch-up immunizations].}}{{small|{{note|hpv|1.}} Note on HPV vaccine: Males who have not yet received 3 doses of HPV4 are generally recommended to have done so through age 21. HPV4 is recommended for men who have sex with men through age 26 years who did not get any or all doses when they were younger.}} | |||||||||||||||||||||
The CDC recommends pregnant women receive some vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine a month or more before pregnancy. The Tdap vaccine (to help protect against whooping cough) is recommended during pregnancy. Other vaccines, like the flu shot, can be given before or during pregnancy, depending on whether or not it is flu season. Vacinnation is safe right after giving birth, even while breastfeeding.[49][50][51][52]
In 1900, the smallpox vaccine was the only one administered to children. By the early 1950s, children routinely received three vaccines, for protection against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and smallpox, and as many as five shots by two years of age.[3] Since the mid-1980s, many vaccines have been added to the schedule. In 2009 the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended vaccination against at least fourteen diseases. By two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor.[3] The use of combination vaccine products means that, {{As of|2013|lc=on}}, the United Kingdom's immunization program consists of 9 injections by the age of two, rather than 22 if vaccination for each disease was given as a separate injection.[53]
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