| 词条 | Foster's rule |
| 释义 |
The rule was first stated by J. Bristol Foster in 1964.[3][4] In it, he compared 116 island species to their mainland varieties. He proposed that certain island creatures evolved into larger versions of themselves (insular gigantism) while others became smaller versions of themselves (insular dwarfism). He proposed the simple explanation that smaller creatures get larger when predation pressure is relaxed because of the absence of some of the predators of the mainland, and larger creatures become smaller when food resources are limited because of land area constraints.[5] The idea was expanded upon in The Theory of Island Biogeography, by Robert MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson. In 1978, Ted J. Case published a longer paper on the topic in the journal Ecology.[6] References1. ^Juan Luis Arsuaga, Andy Klatt, The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers, Thunder's Mouth Press, 2004, {{ISBN|1-56858-303-6}}, {{ISBN|978-1-56858-303-7}}, p. 199. 2. ^Jean-Baptiste de Panafieu, Patrick Gries, Evolution, Seven Stories Press, 2007, {{ISBN|1-58322-784-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-58322-784-8}}, p 42. 3. ^{{cite journal | last=Foster | first=J.B. | year=1964 | title=The evolution of mammals on islands | journal=Nature | volume=202 | pages=234–235| doi=10.1038/202234a0 | bibcode=1964Natur.202..234F | issue=4929 }} 4. ^Foster, J. B. (1965) The evolution of the mammals of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Occasional Papers of the British Columbia Provincial Museum, 14, 1–130. 5. ^{{cite book | first=R.J. | last=Whittaker | title=Island biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation | publisher=Oxford University Press, UK | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-850020-9 | pages=73–75 }} 6. ^{{cite journal | last=Case | first=T.J. | year=1978 | title=A general explanation for insular body size trends in terrestrial vertebrates | journal=Ecology | volume=59 | pages=1–18 | doi=10.2307/1936628 | issue=1 }} External links
5 : Insular ecology|Ecology terminology|Evolutionary biology|Ecogeographic rules|Animal size |
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