| 词条 | Valiha |
| 释义 |
The valiha is a tube zither from Madagascar made from a species of local bamboo; it is considered the "national instrument" of Madagascar.[1] The term is also used to describe a number of related zithers of differing shapes and materials.[2] Aside from recreational music, the valiha is also used for ritual music to summon spirits.[3] ConstructionThe valiha generally has 21-24 strings. Historically these were formed of strips of the bamboo body, prised up and raised by small bridges, but in the modern day the strings are often made of unwound bicycle brake cable, though serious players may use standard guitar or piano strings.[4] Historically the instrument was made of the bamboo Valiha diffusa, but in the modern day "bamboo species with longer internodes" are used.[5] A variant instrument, the marovany, is similar in concept but boxlike rather than tubular, and made of wood or sheet metal.[4] PlayersOne of the most celebrated valiha players of the twentieth century is Rakotozafy (born 1938).[6] The majority of Rakotozafy's few recorded performances were made live at the central studio of Malagasy Radio. Sylvestre Randafison is another celebrated valiha artist considered a cultural icon in Madagascar.[7] See also
Bibliography
References1. ^{{cite book|author=Bruno Nettl|title=The Western impact on world - change, adaptation, and survival|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoDuAAAAMAAJ| year=1985|publisher=Schirmer Books|isbn=978-0-02-870860-7|page=55}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music,|title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulLJUDmptFMC&pg=PA123|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-09570-2|pages=123–}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Hans Austnaberg|title=Shepherds and Demons: A Study of Exorcism as Practised and Understood by Shepherds in the Malagasy Lutheran Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SWKaonYD18C&pg=PA158|year=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-9717-4|pages=158–}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|author=Elijah Wald|title=Global Minstrels: Voices of World Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCfjxH9JfOsC&pg=PT62|year=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-97930-6|pages=62–}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Dominique Louppe|title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Timbers / ed.: D. Louppe ; A. A. Oteng-Amoako. General ed.: R. H. M. J. Lemmens .... 7. 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nw-mZQ0kcEC&pg=PA573|year=2008|publisher=PROTA|isbn=978-90-5782-209-4|pages=573–}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=American Lutherie: The Quarterly Journal of the Guild of American Luthiers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODFLAAAAYAAJ|year=1993|publisher=The Guild|page=22}} 7. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sylvestre-randafison-548614.html Sylvestre Randafison Obituary], The Independent, 20 August 2003 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208010632/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sylvestre-randafison-548614.html |date=December 8, 2010 }} External links
4 : Malagasy musical instruments|Tube zithers|Idiochords|Bamboo musical instruments |
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