| 词条 | Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz) |
| 释义 |
| title = Valley of Death | partof = Intelligenzaktion Pommern | image = Dolina smierci Bydgoszcz.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Polish teachers from Bydgoszcz led by members of the Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz to their execution site | map = Intelligenzaktion prusy zachodnie.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | location = German occupied Poland | target = Polish intelligentsia | coordinates = {{coord|53|9|23|N|18|8|5|E|source:plwiki_region:PL_scale:10000}} | date = October and November 1939 | time = | timezone = | type = | fatalities = | injuries = | victims = 1,200 – 1,400 | perpetrators= Gestapo, Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz | assailants = | susperps = | weapons = | numparts = | dfens = | motive = Anti-Polish sentiment, antisemitism | inquiry = | coroner = | accused = | convicted = | verdict = | convictions = | charges = | litigation = | website = | module = }}Valley of Death ({{lang-pl|Dolina Śmierci}}) in Fordon, Bydgoszcz, northern Poland, is a site of Nazi German mass murder committed at the beginning of World War II; and a mass grave of 1,200 – 1,400 Poles and Jews murdered in October and November 1939 by the local German Selbstschutz and the Gestapo.[1][2] The murders were a part of Intelligenzaktion in Pomerania, a Nazi action aimed at the elimination of the Polish intelligentsia in Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, which included the former Pomeranian Voivodeship ("Polish Corridor"). It was part of a larger genocidal action that took place in all German occupied Poland, code-named Operation Tannenberg.[3] History{{Main article|Intelligenzaktion}}Victims, mainly Polish intelligentsia: teachers, priests, office workers, were listed on so called Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen (a list of people destined to be executed, made by Third Reich officials before World War II) and another list made by Gestapo during the war. The perpetrators were mainly from the new Selbstschutz battalions called the Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz, a paramilitary formation of civilian shooters composed of men from the German minority of pre-war Poland, as well as the Einsatzkommando 16 of SS Einsatzgruppen under command of SS-Sturmbannführer dr Rudolf Tröger.[4] Between September 1939 and April 1940 Selbstschutz - together with other Nazi-German formations - murdered tens of thousands of Poles in Pomerania.{{Citation needed|reason=Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence|date=March 2015}} Established investigations point to Ludolf von Alvensleben and Jakub Löllgen, as the main organizers of the mass murder. Other Germans involved in the crime were: Sturmbannführers Erich Spaarmann, Meier, Schnugg, SS-Sturmbannführer dr Rudolf Tröger, SS man Baks, and a number of Volksdeutsche including Wilhelm Neumann, Herbert Beitsch, Otto Erlichmann (Nazi mayor of Fordon), and Walter Gassmann. Other Nazi German mass murder sites in Bydgoszcz area are the villages of Tryszczyn and Borówno. See also{{Commonscat-inline|Valley of Death}}{{Commonscat-inline|Bydgoszcz during World War II}}
Notes and references1. ^Encyklopedia PWN, Intelligenzaktion. September–November 1939. {{pl icon}} 2. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20061217024726/http://www.1939.pl/epizody/kolumna.htm Piąta kolumna (Jungdeutsche Partei, Deutsche Vereinigung, Deutscher Volksbund, Deutscher Volksverbarid).] Kampania Wrześniowa 1939.pl (2006). Retrieved 2 November 2015. 3. ^Saul Friedländer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=L4Qcd6i45PcC Das dritte Reich und die Juden], C.H. Beck, Munich 2006, {{ISBN|3-406-54966-7}}. 4. ^Jochen Böhler, Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Jürgen Matthäus: [https://books.google.com/books?id=6aRtAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Selbstschutz Einsatzgruppen in Polen] Warsaw: Bellona, 2009. {{ISBN|9788311115880}}, pp. 44-45.
Bibliography
9 : 1939 in Poland|Einsatzgruppen|Massacres in Poland|Valleys of Poland|Nazi war crimes in Poland|Holocaust massacres and pogroms in Poland|Mass murder in 1939|Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia|Bydgoszcz |
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