| 词条 | Vancouver Island wolf |
| 释义 |
| name = Vancouver Island Wolf | image = VIslandWolf.JPG | image2 = VancouverIslandWolf.JPG | image2_caption = White wolf at the Greater Vancouver Zoo (top); captive grey Vancouver Island wolf at Grouse Mountain | status = LC | status_system =IUCN3.1 | genus = Canis | species = lupus | species_link = Gray wolf | subspecies = crassodon | authority = Hall, 1932 [1] | range_map = North American gray wolf subspecies distribution according to Goldman (1944) & MSW3 (2005).png | range_map_caption = Historical and present range of gray wolf subspecies in North America }} The Vancouver Island wolf (Canis lupus crassodon) is a subspecies of grey wolf, endemic to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. It is very social with other wolves, and lives in packs of about five to thirty-five. It is very shy, and is rarely seen by humans. Wolves at the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve area have been known to attack and kill unguarded domestic dogs.[2] There are also two Vancouver Island Wolves at the Greater Vancouver Zoo.[3] TaxonomyThis wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005).[4] Studies using mitochondrial DNA have indicated that the wolves of coastal south-east Alaska are genetically distinct from inland gray wolves, reflecting a pattern also observed in other taxa.[5][6][7] They show a phylogenetic relationship with extirpated wolves from the south (Oklahoma), indicating that these wolves are the last remains of a once widespread group that has been largely extirpated during the last century, and that the wolves of northern North America had originally expanded from southern refuges below the Wisconsin glaciation after the ice had melted at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. These findings call into question the taxonomic classification of C.l. nulibus proposed by Nowak.[6] Another study found that the wolves of coastal British Columbia were genetically and ecologically distinct from the inland wolves, including other wolves from inland British Columbia. A study of the three coastal wolves indicated a close phylogenetic relationship across regions that are geographically and ecologically contiguous, and the study proposed that Canis lupus ligoni (Alexander Archipelago wolf), Canis lupus columbianus (British Columbia wolf), and Canis lupus crassodon (Vancouver Island wolf) should be recognized as a single subspecies of Canis lupus.[7] In 2016, two studies compared the DNA sequences of 42,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in North American gray wolves and found the coastal wolves to be genetically and phenotypically distinct from other wolves.[11] They share the same habitat and prey species, and form one of the study's 6 identified ecotypes - a genetically and ecologically distinct population separated from other populations by their different type of habitat.[11][13] The local adaptation of a wolf ecotype most likely reflects the wolf’s preference to remain in the type of habitat that it was born into.[11] Wolves that prey on fish and small deer in wet, coastal environments tend to be smaller than other wolves.[11] {{See also|Evolution of the wolf#Wolf population differences|l1=Wolf population differences}}In 2016, a study of mitochondrial DNA sequences of both modern and ancient wolves generated a phylogenetic tree which indicated that the two most basal North American haplotypes included the Mexican wolf and the Vancouver Island wolf.[4] AppearanceThe Vancouver Island wolf is of medium size, measuring roughly 26 to 32 inches high, 4 to 5 feet from nose to end of tail, and weighing roughly 60 lbs. It is usually a mix of grey, brown, and black. Occasionally, they are seen pure white. DietThe wolf's main food sources are the Columbian black-tailed deer, and the Roosevelt elk. References1. ^{{cite book|author=Fred H. Harrington|title=Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LX5qi4qTs0UC&pg=PA54|accessdate=29 December 2012|year=1982|publisher=Noyes|isbn=978-0-8155-0905-9|pages=54–}} [5][6][7][8][9][10]2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/bc/pacificrim/natcul/natcul2d_e.asp|title=Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada|access-date=2007-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109054810/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/bc/pacificrim/natcul/natcul2d_e.asp|archive-date=2006-11-09|dead-url=yes|df=}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gvzoo.com/node/118|title=Vancouver Island Wolf|work=Greater Vancouver Zoo|access-date=2007-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928215148/http://www.gvzoo.com/node/118|archive-date=2007-09-28|dead-url=yes|df=}} 4. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.3389/fevo.2016.00134|title=From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|volume=4|year=2016|last1=Ersmark|first1=Erik|last2=Klütsch|first2=Cornelya F. C.|last3=Chan|first3=Yvonne L.|last4=Sinding|first4=Mikkel-Holger S.|last5=Fain|first5=Steven R.|last6=Illarionova|first6=Natalia A.|last7=Oskarsson|first7=Mattias|last8=Uhlén|first8=Mathias|last9=Zhang|first9=Ya-Ping|last10=Dalén|first10=Love|last11=Savolainen|first11=Peter}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/mec.13364|pmid=26333947|title=Genetic subdivision and candidate genes under selection in North American grey wolves|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=380–402|year=2016|last1=Schweizer|first1=Rena M.|last2=Vonholdt|first2=Bridgett M.|last3=Harrigan|first3=Ryan|last4=Knowles|first4=James C.|last5=Musiani|first5=Marco|last6=Coltman|first6=David|last7=Novembre|first7=John|last8=Wayne|first8=Robert K.}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/mec.13467|pmid=26562361|title=Targeted capture and resequencing of 1040 genes reveal environmentally driven functional variation in grey wolves|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=357–79|year=2016|last1=Schweizer|first1=Rena M.|last2=Robinson|first2=Jacqueline|last3=Harrigan|first3=Ryan|last4=Silva|first4=Pedro|last5=Galverni|first5=Marco|last6=Musiani|first6=Marco|last7=Green|first7=Richard E.|last8=Novembre|first8=John|last9=Wayne|first9=Robert K.}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02461.x|pmid=15773925|title=A Signal for Independent Coastal and Continental histories among North American wolves|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=14|issue=4|pages=917–31|year=2005|last1=Weckworth|first1=Byron V.|last2=Talbot|first2=Sandra|last3=Sage|first3=George K.|last4=Person|first4=David K.|last5=Cook|first5=Joseph}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite journal|doi=10.1644/09-MAMM-A-036.1|title=Phylogeography of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Pacific Northwest|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=91|issue=2|pages=363–375|year=2010|last1=Weckworth|first1=Byron V.|last2=Talbot|first2=Sandra L.|last3=Cook|first3=Joseph A.}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0019582|pmid=21573241|title=Going Coastal: Shared Evolutionary History between Coastal British Columbia and Southeast Alaska Wolves (Canis lupus)|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=6|issue=5|pages=e19582|year=2011|last1=Weckworth|first1=Byron V.|last2=Dawson|first2=Natalie G.|last3=Talbot|first3=Sandra L.|last4=Flamme|first4=Melanie J.|last5=Cook|first5=Joseph A.|pmc=3087762}} 10. ^1 {{MSW3 Wozencraft|id=14000751|pages=575–577}} url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576 }}{{grey wolf subspecies}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q928291}} 4 : Vancouver Island|Mammals of Canada|Subspecies of Canis lupus|Mammals described in 1932 |
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