| 词条 | Varanopidae |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = Late Carboniferous - Middle Permian, {{fossil_range|300|260}} | image = Varanops brevirostris Exhibit Museum of Natural History.JPG | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Fossil skeleton of Varanops brevirostris in the University of Michigan Museum of Natural History | taxon = Varanopidae | authority = Romer and Price, 1940 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See below }}Varanopidae is an extinct family of amniotes that resembled monitor lizards and might have had the same lifestyle, hence their name. Typically, they are considered synapsids that evolved from an Archaeothyris-like synapsid in the Late Carboniferous, but a recent study has recovered them as diapsid reptiles.[1] A varanopid from the latest Middle Permian Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone is the youngest known varanopid and the last member of the "pelycosaur" group of synapsids.[2] DescriptionNo known varanopids developed a sail like Dimetrodon. The length of known varanopids, including the tail, varies from {{convert|1|to|2|m|ft|0}}.[3] Varanopids already showed some advanced characteristics of true pelycosaurs such as their deep, narrow, elongated skulls. Their jaws were long and their teeth were sharp. However, they were still primitive by mammalian standards. They had long tails, lizard-like bodies, and thin legs. The varanopids were mostly carnivorous, but as they were reduced in size, their diets changed from a carnivorous to an insectivorous lifestyle. Compared to the other animals in Early Permian, varanopids were agile creatures. The genus Ascendonanus provides the first extensive skin impressions for pelycosaur-grade synapsids, revealing scales akin to those of squamates.[4] Parental care is known in Heleosaurus, suggesting that it is ancestral to synapsids as a whole.[5] ClassificationClass Synapsida
Varanopinae has been called "Varanodontinae" in the literature. However, according to Article 36.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, whichever subfamily of Varanopidae contains Varanops (the type genus of Varanopidae) is automatically called Varanopinae. {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%|label1=Varanopidae |1={{clade |1=Archaeovenator |2={{clade |1=Apsisaurus |2={{clade |1=Mesenosaurus |2=Mycterosaurus |3=Varanopinae }} }} }} }} The poorly known Basicranodon and Ruthiromia were tentatively assigned to Varanopidae by Reisz (1986), but have been neglected in more recent studies. They were included for the first time in a phylogenetic analysis by Benson (in press). Ruthiromia was found to be most closely related to Aerosaurus. Basicranodon was found to be a wildcard taxon due to its small amount of known materials, as it is based on a partial braincase from the ?Kungurian stage Richards Spur locality in Oklahoma. It occupies two possible positions, falling either as a mycterosaurine, or as the sister taxon of Pyozia. Although Reisz et al. (1997) considered Basicranodon as a subjective junior synonym of Mycterosaurus, Benson (2012) found some differences in the distribution of teeth and shape of the dentigerous ventral platform medial to the basipterygoid processes that may indicate taxonomic distinction. Below is a cladogram modified from the analysis of Benson (in press), after the exclusion of Basicranodon:[6] {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%|1={{clade |1=Tseajaia campi |2=Limnoscelis paludis |label3=Amniota |3={{clade |1={{clade |1=Captorhinus spp. |2=Protorothyris archeri}} |label2=Synapsida |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Caseasauria |2={{clade |1=Ianthodon schultzei |2={{clade |1=Edaphosauridae |2=Sphenacodontia}} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=Ophiacodontidae |1={{clade |1=Archaeothyris florensis |2={{clade |1=Varanosaurus acutirostris |2={{clade |1=Ophiacodon spp. |2=Stereophallodon ciscoensis}} }} }} |label2=Varanopidae |2={{clade |1=Archaeovenator hamiltonensis |2={{clade |1=Pyozia mesenensis |2={{clade |label1=Mycterosaurinae |1={{clade |1=Mycterosaurus longiceps |2={{clade |1=?Elliotsmithia longiceps (BP/1/5678) |2=Heleosaurus scholtzi |3=Mesenosaurus romeri}} }} |label2=Varanopinae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Varanops brevirostris |2={{clade |1=Watongia meieri |2=Varanodon agilis}} }} |2={{clade |1=Ruthiromia elcobriensis |2={{clade |1=Aerosaurus wellesi |2=Aerosaurus greenleorum }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} References1. ^David P. Ford; Roger B. J. Benson (2018). "A redescription of Orovenator mayorum (Sauropsida, Diapsida) using high‐resolution μCT, and the consequences for early amniote phylogeny". Papers in Palaeontology. in press. doi:10.1002/spp2.1236. 2. ^{{cite journal |last=Modesto |first=S.P. |author2=Smith, R.M.H. |author3=Campione, N.E. |author4= Reisz, R.R. |year=2011 |title=The last "pelycosaur": a varanopid synapsid from the Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone, Middle Permian of South Africa |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=98 |issue=12 |pages=1027–1034 |doi=10.1007/s00114-011-0856-2 |pmid=22009069}} 3. ^{{cite journal |author= Reisz, R.R. & Laurin, M. |year=2004 |title=A reevaluation of the enigmatic Permian synapsid Watongia and of its stratigraphic significance |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=377–396 |doi=10.1139/e04-016}} 4. ^Frederik Spindler; Ralf Werneburg; Joerg W. Schneider; Ludwig Luthardt; Volker Annacker; Ronny Rößler (2018). "First arboreal 'pelycosaurs' (Synapsida: Varanopidae) from the early Permian Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstätte, SE Germany, with a review of varanopid phylogeny". PalZ. in press. doi:10.1007/s12542-018-0405-9. 5. ^Botha-Brink, Jennifer. "A Mixed-Age Classed 'Pelycosaur' Aggregation from South Africa: Earliest Evidence of Parental Care in Amniotes?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274.1627 (2007): 2829-834. JSTOR. Web. 06 Mar. 2017 6. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Benson |first=R.J. |year=2012 |title=Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=in press |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2011.631042 |pages=601–624}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|author=Robert R. Reisz, Michel Laurin and David Marjanović |year=2010 |title=Apsisaurus witteri from the Lower Permian of Texas: yet another small varanopid synapsid, not a diapsid |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1628–1631 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.501441 }} External links
4 : Varanopids|Pennsylvanian first appearances|Guadalupian extinctions|Prehistoric synapsid families |
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