| 词条 | Vebjørn Sand Da Vinci Project |
| 释义 |
| name = da Vinci Bridge | native_name = Da Vinci-Broen | native_name_lang = no | image = Da Vinci Bridge.jpg | image_upright = | image_size = 300px | alt = The da Vinci bridge in Ås | caption = The da Vinci bridge in Ås | coordinates = {{coord|59.718872|N|10.784276|E|type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | os_grid_reference = | carries = pedestrian and bicycle traffic | crosses = Highway E-18 | locale = Nygård, Ås, Akershus Norway | official_name = | other_name = | named_for = Leonardo da Vinci | owner = Norwegian Public Roads Administration | maint = | heritage = | id = | id_type = | website = | preceded = | followed = | design = Deck arch bridge | material = Laminated wood; steel-reinforced | material1 = | material2 = | length = {{convert|109|m|abbr=on}} | width = | height = | depth = | traversable = | towpath = | mainspan = {{convert|40|m|abbr=on}} | number_spans = | piers_in_water = | load = | clearance_above = | clearance_below = | lanes = | life = | num_track = | track_gauge = | structure_gauge = | electrification = | architect = Vebjørn Sand Selberg Architects | designer = Leonardo da Vinci | contracted_designer = | winner = | engineering = Reinhert Structural Engineers | builder = | fabricator = | begin = 1997 | complete = 2001 | cost = 12 million Norwegian kroner | open = 2001 | inaugurated = | rebuilt = | collapsed = | closed = | replaces = | replaced_by = | traffic = | toll = | map_type = Norway Akershus | map_relief = | map_dot_label = | map_image = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = }} The Vebjørn Sand da Vinci Project built a laminated-wood parabolic-arch pedestrian bridge in Norway over European route E18 in Ås, Norway, in 2001. It was a partnership between the Norwegian Public Roads Administration and Norwegian painter and artist Vebjørn Sand, who headed the project. The resulting da Vinci Bridge is one of several installations that Sand is known for in Norway. HistoryOriginal designLeonardo da Vinci proposed a bridge {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}} long, overall and {{convert|24|m|abbr=on}} wide over the Golden Horn in 1502 for Sultan Bayezid II of Constantinople (today’s Istanbul). The sketch and letter proposal were lost for over 400 years before being rediscovered in 1952.[1] The proposed bridge included a {{convert|240|m|abbr=on}} "pressed bow" main span with {{convert|43|m|abbr=on}} of vertical clearance to allow ships to pass.[2][2] da Vinci bragged that "it has been [the Sultan's] intention to erect a bridge from Galata (Pera) to Stambul… across the Golden Horn (‘Haliç’), but this has not been done because there were no experts available. I, your subject, have determined how to build the bridge. It will be a masonry bridge as high as a building, and even tall ships will be able to sail under it."[2][3] The sketch was confirmed to be a genuine work of da Vinci by comparison with an identical sketch in Manuscript L, part of the Paris Manuscripts stored in the Institut de France in Paris.[2]Had the 1502 design been implemented, it would have been the longest bridge in the world,[7] and it would still be the longest single masonry arch span in the world. Da Vinci is said to have been inspired by the then newly-built bridge "Ponte degli Alidosi" over Santerno at Castel del Rio near Bologna with a 42 m. high semicircular arch .[4] Implemented in ÅsNorwegian artist Vebjørn Sand saw da Vinci's Haliç bridge sketch in 1996 and proposed the bridge should be implemented by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA). Since the NPRA had a policy to consider the artistic merits of public structures,[5] a new structure was approved in 1997[6] to replace "Norway's ugliest bridge."[7] Several alternative materials were considered for the bridge, including the as-designed stone and concrete,[6] but ultimately the timber version was selected for construction. Moelven Laminated Group, who had constructed the world's largest wooden roof for Håkons Hall in Lillehammer for the 1994 Winter Olympics, was selected to supply glued laminated timber (glulam) for the new da Vinci Bridge.[5] The da Vinci Bridge, completed in 2001, serves as a pedestrian crossing over highway E18 in Ås, approximately {{convert|20|km}} from Oslo. It was built from large prefabricated glulam sections moved in place by cranes, with three parabolic arches in the main span: a central arch supporting the pathway and two stabilizing arches flanking it.[14] The main span is {{convert|40|m|abbr=on}} and the bridge is {{convert|109|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} long, overall at a total cost of approximately 12 million Norwegian kroner.[8] The completed da Vinci Bridge was built wide enough to allow four lanes of traffic underneath, but requirements for vertical clearance have increased and adding lanes of traffic would require lowering the road.[7] The bridge was opened by Queen Sonja in a November 2001 ceremony using cranes to lift a white cloth draped over the bridge, literally unveiling it to the public.[9] Since its unveiling, the da Vinci Bridge has attracted attention in the New York Times.[10][11] Wired called it one of the five coolest bridges on earth in 2005, along with the Rio–Antirrio bridge, the Seri Wawasan Bridge, the Dongting Lake Bridge and the Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge.[12] Global Leonardo Bridge ProjectThe Oslo Leonardo Bridge Project opened in October 2001.[13] The project hopes to apply the design to build practical footbridges around the world using local materials and local artisans as a global public art project.[14] Future plans, announced in 2012, include a bridge over the Golden Horn in Istanbul, as Leonardo had proposed.[15] Sand was quoted by the Wall Street Journal describing the Bridge Project as a "... logo for all the nations."[16] A small da Vinci pedestrian bridge was erected in 2016 at the Château du Clos Lucé, da Vinci's home for the last years of his life.[17] Other permanent da Vinci bridges have been proposed for several locations, although these plans have not come to fruition:
Several temporary da Vinci bridges have been built in ice since the completion of the da Vinci Bridge in Norway:[24]
GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aqMtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7HIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4408%2C3714663 |title=Da Vinci Planned Bosporus Bridge for Turks in 1503 |author= |agency=AP |date=26 March 1952 |newspaper=The Day |location=New London, Connecticut |accessdate=22 November 2016}} {{Commons category|Da Vinci-Broen, Ås, Akershus, Norway}}2. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/01/22/leonardos-bridge-part-2-the-bridge-for-the-sultan/ |title=LEONARDO'S BRIDGE: Part 2. 'A Bridge for the Sultan' |author=Atalay, Bulent |date=22 January 2013 |website=National Geographic Voices [blog] |accessdate=22 November 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.leonardobridgeproject.org/leonardo-design.htm |title=Leonardo's Design |author= |date=2016 |website=The Leonardo Bridge Project |accessdate=22 November 2016}} 4. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUN66n1fyWcC&pg=PA212#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Literary Works of Leonardo Da Vinci, Volume 1 |author=Pedretti, Carlo |date=1977 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=0-520-03329-9 |pages=212–214, note 1109 |accessdate=22 November 2016}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.leonardobridgeproject.org/Sands-Leonardo-Bridge-Project.htm |title=Vebjørn Sand's Leonardo Bridge Project |author= |date=2016 |website=The Leonardo Bridge Project |accessdate=22 November 2016}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |url=http://www.vegvesen.no/_attachment/209687/binary/404260?fast_title=Statens+vegvesen+Akershus+1990-2000+%287MB%29.pdf |title=Statens vegvesen: Akershus 1990–2000 |editor=Skari, Bent |date=2010 |author= |publisher=Statens vegvesen |location=Oslo, Norway |isbn=82-994614-2-1 |accessdate=22 November 2016 |page=214 |quote=1997 arbeidet etaten med et spesielt prosjekt som gikk ut på å bygge ei bru etter samme prinsipp som tegnet av Leonardo Da Vinci i 1502. Den var tenkt satt opp som gangbru ved Nygårdskrysset over E18 ved Ski. Det ble jobbet med to alternativer – det ene i stein og betong, det andre i tre. Prosjektet har fått stor oppmerksomhet og pressedekning.}} 7. ^1 {{cite report |url=http://www.vegvesen.no/_attachment/1182629/binary/1090520?fast_title=Rapport+-+Verdianalyse+-+Reguleringsplanforslag+E18+Retvet-Vinterbro+2016.pdf |title=Rapport Verdianalyse E18 Vinterbro – Retvet |author1=Foseid, Maren |author2=Ljunggren, Tore |author3=Fyksen, Stein |author4=Slapgård, Snorre |author5=Meland, Arne |author6=Bakken, Frode |date=14 January 2015 |publisher=Statens vegvesen |page=16 |accessdate=22 November 2016 |quote=Dagens gangbru ble bygget i 2001-02 som et kunstprosjekt, brua avløste «Norges styggeste bru», og var en stor forbedring på åpningtidspunktet, til tross for at brua har sterk stigning. Ved planlegging av brua var det skissert en sentrisk utvidelse av E18 til firefelts veg med bredde 19 meter, og brua er tilpasset en slik utvidelse. I ettertid er kravene til fri høyde under trebruer økt, og normalprofilet for E18 har økt til 25,5 meter. Brua tilfredstiller heller ikke UU- kravene.En utvidelse av E18 under dagens bru er mulig, men krever en senkning av dagens veg.}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bridgemuseum.org/leonardo-da-vincis-golden-horn-sketch-from-istanbul-via-norway-to-new-yorks-roosevelt-island/ |title=Leonardo Da Vinci's Golden Horn sketch – from Istanbul, via Norway to New York's Roosevelt Island |author=Dion, Richard |date=14 October 2013 |website=The Bridge Museum [blog] |accessdate=22 November 2016}} 9. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/01/engineering.internationaleducationnews |title=Da Vinci comes to life 500 years on |author=Mellgren, Doug |date=1 November 2001 |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=22 November 2016}} 10. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/garden/currents-scandinavia-architecture-leonardo-if-you-could-only-have-lived-see-this.html |title=CURRENTS: SCANDINAVIA -- ARCHITECTURE; Leonardo, if You Could Only Have Lived to See This Day |author=Hall, Peter |date=8 November 2001 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 11. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/09/travel/travel-advisory-after-500-years-leonardo-gets-his-bridge.html |title=TRAVEL ADVISORY; After 500 Years, Leonardo Gets His Bridge |author=Nash, Eric P. |date=9 December 2001 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 12. ^{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2005/01/bridge-2/ |title=Spanning the Globe |author=Goldenberg, David |magazine=Wired |volume=13 |number=1 |date=January 2005 |accessdate=22 November 2016}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.leonardobridgeproject.org/Global-Leonardo-Bridge-Project.htm |title=Global Leonardo Bridge Project |author= |date=2016 |website=The Leonardo Bridge Project |accessdate=22 November 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.leonardobridgeproject.org/about-us.htm |title=About Us |author= |date=2016 |website=The Leonardo Bridge Project |accessdate=22 November 2016 |quote=The Leonardo Bridge Project, Inc. is a non-profit corporation in the United States with a 501(c) 3 through the Allied Arts Foundation. Our mission is to build a global network of permanent landmark bridges, public arts projects based on Leonardo da Vinci's 1502 “Golden Horn” (Halic) bridge design.}} 15. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/da-vincis-bridge-to-be-built-in-istanbul.aspx?pageID=238&nid=33052 |title=Da Vinci's Bridge to be built in Istanbul |date=23 October 2012 |author= |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |location=Istanbul |accessdate=22 November 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122174514/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/da-vincis-bridge-to-be-built-in-istanbul.aspx?pageID=238&nid=33052 |archivedate=22 November 2016 |deadurl=no}} 16. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113113585415688626 |title=Spanning Past and Present |author=Morris, Jan |date=5 November 2005 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=22 November 2016}} 17. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.vinci-closluce.com/file/press-release-golden-horn-bridge.pdf |title=New in 2016: The Golden Horn Bridge |author= |date=2016 |publisher=Château du Clos Lucé |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 18. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/132248940/ |title=Leonardo da Vinci |author= |date=20 August 1998 |newspaper=The Des Moines Register |accessdate=23 November 2016 |page=20}} 19. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCnnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT30#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Leonardo da Vinci |author=Raynham, Alex |chapter=6: Leonardo's City |page= |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |isbn=0194630781 |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 20. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2003/01/16/a-great-divide/40fb913c-70ed-4eba-9231-da8da96f219e/ |title=A Great Divide |author=Jenkins, Chris L. |date=16 January 2003 |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.civfed.org/spoutbri.htm |title=Spout Run Bridge Proposal |author= |date=27 December 2003 |website=Arlington County Civic Federation |accessdate=23 November 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107100039/http://www.civfed.org/spoutbri.htm |archivedate=7 January 2004 |deadurl=no}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=http://civfed.org/srbrflyr.pdf |title=Spout Run, Arlington Proposal |author=von Bernewitz, Carla |date=July 2002 |website=Arlington County Civic Federation |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-luce/roosevelt-island-art-bridges_b_1367865.html |title=Roosevelt Island Art Bridges Two NYC Boroughs |author=Luce, Jim |date=3 June 2012 |website=The Huffington Post [blog] |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 24. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/03/leonardos-bridge-part-3-vebjorn-sand-and-variations-on-a-theme-by-leonardo/ |title=LEONARDO'S BRIDGE: Part 3. 'Vebjørn Sand and Variations on a Theme by Leonardo' |author=Atalay, Bulent |date=3 February 2013 |website=National Geographic Voices [blog] |accessdate=22 November 2016}} 25. ^1 {{cite press release |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2007/note6122.doc.htm |title=Ice bridge, art exhibit to highlight climate change at Headquarters 17 December |author= |date=14 December 2007 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 26. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environment-climate-un-ice-bridge-dc-idUSN1743109620071218 |title=U.N. ice bridge reminder of melting Antarctica |author= |date=18 December 2007 |newspaper=Reuters |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 27. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://www.iransculpture.ir/articlesen/1-jul2009.pdf |title=Commissions |author=Lynch, Elizabeth |date=July–August 2009 |volume=28 |number=6 |pages=24–25 |magazine=Sculpture |publisher=International Sculpture Center |location=Washington DC |ISSN=0889-728X |accessdate=28 November 2016}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/bridge-to-somewhere-davincis-design-on-ice.html |title=Bridge to Somewhere: DaVinci's Design on Ice |author=Cruger, Roberta |date=6 December 2009 |website=treehugger |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://international-club-copenhagen.blogspot.com/2009/12/live-ice-icebridge-at-cop15-512-2009-in.html |title=LIVE ICE - "Leonardo da Vinci" inspired ICEBRIDGE at COP15 5/12 2009 in front of Christiansborgn Palace Copenhagen. |author=Ferrold, Hasse |date=10 December 2009 |website=International Club Copenhagen [blog] |accessdate=28 November 2016}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.structuralice.com/ |title=World's Longest Bridge in Ice}} 31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ucreative.com/articles/students-use-leonardos-design-to-build-worlds-longest-bridge-from-ice/ |title=Students Use Leonardo's Design to Build World's Longest Bridge From Ice |author=Rabida, Kevin Mark |date=6 January 2016 |website=UCreative |accessdate=23 November 2016}} 32. ^{{cite press release |url=https://www.tue.nl/en/university/news-and-press/news/21-04-2015-eindhoven-team-to-build-da-vinci-bridge-with-a-span-of-50-meters/ |title=Eindhoven team to build Da Vinci bridge with a span of 50 meters |author= |date=21 April 2015 |publisher=Technische Universiteit Eindhoven |accessdate=23 November 2016}} External links
4 : Bridges in Akershus|Leonardo da Vinci|Norwegian art|Footbridges |
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