| 词条 | Vector (epidemiology) |
| 释义 |
In epidemiology, a disease vector is any agent who carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism;[1][2] most agents regarded as vectors are organisms, such as intermediate parasites or microbes, but it could be an inanimate medium of infection such as dust particles.[3] ArthropodsArthropods form a major group of pathogen vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and mites transmitting a huge number of pathogens. Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives. When the insects blood feed, the pathogen enters the blood stream of the host. This can happen in different ways.[4][5]The Anopheles mosquito, a vector for malaria, filariasis, and various arthropod-borne-viruses (arboviruses), inserts its delicate mouthpart under the skin and feeds on its host's blood. The parasites the mosquito carries are usually located in its salivary glands (used by mosquitoes to anaesthetise the host). Therefore, the parasites are transmitted directly into the host's blood stream. Pool feeders such as the sand fly and black fly, vectors for pathogens causing leishmaniasis and onchocerciasis respectively, will chew a well in the host's skin, forming a small pool of blood from which they feed. Leishmania parasites then infect the host through the saliva of the sand fly. Onchocerca force their own way out of the insect's head into the pool of blood. Triatomine bugs are responsible for the transmission of a trypanosome, Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas Disease. The Triatomine bugs defecate during feeding and the excrement contains the parasites which are accidentally smeared into the open wound by the host responding to pain and irritation from the bite. Plants and fungiSome plants and fungi act as vectors for various pathogens. For example, the big-vein disease of lettuce was long thought to be caused by a member of the fungal division Chytridiomycota, namely Olpidium brassicae. Eventually however, the disease was shown to be viral. Later it transpired that the virus was transmitted by the zoospores of the fungus and also survived in the resting spores. Since then, many other fungi in the Chytridiomycota have been shown to vector plant viruses.[6] Many plant pests that seriously damage important crops depend on other plants, often weeds, to harbour or vector them; the distinction is not always clear. In the case of Puccinia graminis for example, Berberis and related genera act as alternate hosts in a cycle of infection of grain.[7] More directly, when they twine from one plant to another, parasitic plants such as Cuscuta and Cassytha have been shown to convey phytoplasmal and viral diseases between plants.[8] [6]World Health Organization and vector-borne diseaseThe World Health Organization (WHO) states that control and prevention of vector-borne diseases are emphasizing "Integrated Vector Management (IVM)",[9] which is an approach that looks at the links between health and environment, optimizing benefits to both.{{efn|"IVM strategies are designed to achieve the greatest disease control benefit in the most cost-effective manner, while minimizing negative impacts on ecosystems (e.g. depletion of biodiversity) and adverse side-effects on public health from the excessive use of chemicals in vector control."[10]}}[10] In April 2014, WHO launched a campaign called “Small bite, big threat” to educate people about vector-borne illnesses. WHO issued reports indicating that vector-borne illnesses affect poor people, especially people living in areas that do not have adequate levels of sanitation, drinking water and housing.[11] Vector-borne zoonotic disease and human activitySeveral articles, recent to early 2014, warn that human activities are spreading vector-borne zoonotic diseases.{{efn|"Vector-borne zoonotic diseases are those that naturally infect wildlife and are then transmitted to humans through carriers, or vectors, such as mosquitoes or ticks."[12]}} Several articles were published in the medical journal The Lancet, and discuss how rapid changes in land use, trade globalization, and "social upheaval" are causing a resurgence in zoonotic disease across the world.[12] Examples of vector-borne zoonotic diseases include:[13]
Many factors affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases. These factors include animals hosting the disease, vectors, and people.[13] See also
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^{{cite web|title=Vector|url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=vector|work=WordNet Search 3.1|publisher=Princeton University|accessdate=7 April 2014}} 2. ^{{Cite book | editor1-last=Last | editor1-first=James | title = A Dictionary of Epidemiology | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2001 | location = New York | page = 185 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RPaQY8cG4N4C&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3AISBN0195314492&client=firefox-a&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false | isbn = 978-0-19-514169-6 | oclc = 207797812}} 3. ^{{Cite book | last1 = Roberts | first1 = Larry S. | first2 = Janovy | last2 = John | first3 = Schmidt | last3 = Gerald D. | title = Foundations of Parasitology | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2008 | oclc = 226356765 | isbn = 978-0-07-302827-9}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/General/animpara.htm|title=Classification of Animal Parasites|website=plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu}} 5. ^https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/4/734.full.pdf 6. ^1 {{cite book|author=R. S. Mehrotra|title=Fundamentals of Plant Pathology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5h_ZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA342|year=2013|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-02955-4|pages=342–}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Peter W. Price|title=Evolutionary Biology of Parasites|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGO0QPfcFkMC&pg=PA61|year=1980|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-08257-X|pages=61–}} 8. ^Haynes, A R. et al. Comparison of two parasitic vines: Dodder (Cuscuta) and Woe vine(Cassytha). Florida Dept Agric & Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry. Botany Circular No. 30. January/February 1996 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44768/1/9789241502801_eng.pdf |title=Handbook for Integrated Vector Management |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=3 December 2015}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|title=Vector-borne disease|url=http://www.who.int/heli/risks/vectors/vector/en/|work=The Health and Environment Linkages Initiative (HELI)|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=7 April 2014|location=Geneva, Switzerland}} 11. ^{{cite news|last=Parrish|first=Ryan|title=WHO focuses on vector-borne diseases for World Health Day 2014|url=http://vaccinenewsdaily.com/world_health_organization/330449-who-focuses-on-vector-borne-diseases-for-world-health-day-2014/|accessdate=7 April 2014|newspaper=Vaccine News Daily|date=7 April 2014|location=Chicago, Illinois}} 12. ^1 {{cite news|last=Purlain|first=Ted|title=Lancet addresses emerging infectious vector-borne diseases|url=http://vaccinenewsdaily.com/medical_countermeasures/320968-lancet-addresses-emerging-infectious-vector-borne-diseases/|accessdate=7 April 2014|newspaper=Vaccine News Daily|date=5 December 2012 |location=Chicago, Illinois}} 13. ^1 {{cite news|title=Emerging vector-borne diseases create new public health challenges|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121130151653.htm|accessdate=7 April 2014|newspaper=Science Daily|date=30 November 2012|author=University of California - Santa Cruz|location=Rockville, Maryland}} Bibliography
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2 : Epidemiology|Parasitology |
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