“Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Vere Brabazon Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|GCMG|PC}} (27 October 1880 – 10 March 1956) was an Anglo-Irish businessman and politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 14th since Canadian Confederation.

Born and educated in England into 'the Ascendancy', the Anglo-Irish aristocracy, he graduated with a law degree from Cambridge University before entering politics as a member of the London County Council and then, in 1910, as a member of the British House of Commons. Upon the death of his grandfather 10 years later, Ponsonby succeeded as Earl of Bessborough and took his seat in the House of Lords. He was in 1931 appointed as Governor General by King George V, on the recommendation of British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, to replace The Earl of Willingdon as viceroy, and occupied that post until succeeded by The Lord Tweedsmuir in 1935. Lord Bessborough is remembered for promoting new communication technologies as well as giving support to the Canadian population during the Great Depression.

After the end of his viceregal tenure, he returned to London, where he continued in business and also work with the Dominions Office and the Foreign Office before his death in March 1956.

The 9th Lord Bessborough was the last Earl of Bessborough to own Bessborough House, the Ponsonby family's ancestral seat near the village of Piltown in the south of County Kilkenny in Ireland. The country house was largely built in the 1740s for the 1st Earl. It was gutted by fire during the Irish Civil War in February 1923. The 9th Lord Bessborough had the house rebuilt in the late 1920s. However, he sold the house in the late 1930s as he largely lived in Britain. The house now forms the main part of Kildalton Agricultural College.

Early life, education, and career

Ponsonby was born in London the first son and third child of Edward, 8th Earl of Bessborough, and his wife, Blanche. Her father, Sir Josiah Guest, was a great-uncle of Sir Winston Churchill. Ponsonby attended Harrow School before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1898, graduating three years later with a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1] In 1903, he began a career in law, being called to the Bar at the Inner Temple. After his father succeeded as Earl of Bessborough in 1906, Ponsonby used the courtesy title of Viscount Duncannon.

In 1907, the young Viscount Duncannon (as he then was) entered politics, being elected to a seat on the London County Council. He remained at that post until running in the January 1910 general election and winning a seat in the British House of Commons as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Cheltenham. He lost that seat in the election of 19 December that same year, but re-entered the Commons in 1913 as the MP for Dover.

Lord Duncannon married Roberte de Neuflize on 25 June 1912. With her he had four children: Frederick, born 29 March 1913; Desmond, born 4 August 1915; Moyra, born 2 March 1918; and George, born 14 August 1931. Desmond, however, did not live past the age of 10, dying on 8 April 1925 from a riding accident,^[2] and George, who was born in Canada and given the middle name St. Lawrence (after the river),^[2] would also predecease his father on 16 May 1951.

By the following year, however, the First World War broke out and, whilst retaining his parliamentary seat, Lord Duncannon joined the army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry. He was transferred on 11 November 1914 to the Suffolk Hussars (both units were part of the Territorial Force and were sent into action overseas), where he was later appointed captain and promoted to acting major.^[3] He served at Gallipoli in 1915 and, from 1916 to 1918, on the military staff in France. During his wartime service, he was mentioned in dispatches, awarded the Croix de chevalier of the French Legion of Honour,^[4] and appointed to the Italian Order of St Maurice and St Lazarus, the Belgian Order of Leopold II, Greece's Order of the Redeemer, as well as a Third Class Member of the Russian Order of St Anna. At the conclusion of the war, Lord Duncannon was appointed a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in the 1919 New Year Honours List.^[1]^[5]

After the death of his father on 1 December 1920, he succeeded to the Irish earldom of Bessborough, requiring him to resign his seat in the House of Commons and enter the House of Lords.^[6] On 17 December, he applied to be Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern. The earl also pursued a successful business career, holding directorships in several large commercial firms, including acting as head of both the São Paulo Railway and the Margarine Union, as well as deputy chairman of De Beers Consolidated Mines.^[9]

Governor General of Canada

It was announced in early 1931 that King George V had, by commission under the royal sign-manual and signet, appointed Lord Bessborough as his representative. This had been done on the recommendation of British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, with input from Prime Minister of Canada Richard Bennett, and came as somewhat of a surprise, as Bessborough was the only businessman to have ever been appointed Governor General.

After being admitted into the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 20 March 1931,^[7] Lord Bessborough travelled to Canada and was sworn in as Governor General on 4 April, in the midst of the Great Depression. In his ensuing travels as viceroy, Bessborough witnessed the struggles of Canadians during this period, and praised their tenacity; in Shawbridge, Quebec, he stated in a speech: "There is nothing more encouraging and cheering than the calm steady way Canadians have pursued their daily tasks during the difficult period with a supreme faith in the destiny of their country."^[2] As a sign of his sympathy with the majority of the populace, he gave up 10% of his salary.^[8]

Despite the economic situation, Canada was gaining international stature and Lord Bessborough acted as host to the leaders who, in July 1932, converged on Ottawa for the Imperial Economic Conference. He also presided over the opening of the Welland Canal the same year. The Governor General welcomed a number of foreign dignitaries, including Prince Takamatsu and his wife, Princess Takamatsu; King Rama VII of Siam and his consort, Queen Ramphaiphanni; and Winston Churchill, then a British Member of Parliament. There were also a number of technological firsts that took place during Bessborough's tenure: his installation ceremony was the first to be broadcast by radio; in 1932, from the Governor General's study at Rideau Hall, he inaugurated the first trans-Canada telephone line by calling each of the lieutenant governors; and, as Governor-in-Council, he created the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (the CBC). Lord Bessborough was also the first Canadian viceroy to fly the new standard dedicated to that office, created in 1931.^[2]

Bessborough's time as Governor General coincided with the celebrations in May 1935 for the Silver Jubilee of the King's reign, part of which included his launching the King's Jubilee Cancer Fund with a radio broadcast from Rideau Hall, and also initiated a campaign to increase the membership of the Scouts. But the most prominent mark that Bessborough left on Canada was the Dominion Drama Festival,^[9] which was developed with the assistance of future Governor General Vincent Massey and Henry C. Osborne and first held in April 1933, and awarded the Bessborough Trophy to the best amateur theatrical company in the country.^[2]

Post-viceregal life

After life in Canada, Lord Bessborough returned to London and to his businesses. His activities were not all business related; during the Second World War, Bessborough helped in the establishment of a department in the British Foreign Office dedicated to the welfare of French refugees in the United Kingdom.

In 1956, the Earl returned once more to Canada, staying at Rideau Hall as a guest of the then-Governor General, Vincent Massey, before he died the following year at the country house he purchased in 1924, Stansted House.^[2]

Titles, styles, and honours

Titles

Honours

Honorary military appointments

Honorary degrees

Honorific eponyms

Ancestry

Notes

1. ^¹²³⁴{{acad|id=PNSY898VB|name=Ponsonby, the Hon. Vere Brabazon}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=15418&lan=eng| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Home > History > Former Governors General > British > The Earl of Bessborough 1931-1935| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=5 September 2015}}
3. ^{{London Gazette |issue=28969 |date=10 November 1914 |page=9143 }}
4. ^¹{{London Gazette |issue=13147 |date=25 September 1917 |page=2073 |city=e}}
5. ^¹{{London Gazette| issue=30338|page=10680| supp=y| date=16 October 1917|nolink=yes}}
6. ^{{London Gazette| issue=32169|page=12484| date=21 December 1920|nolink=yes }}
7. ^{{London Gazette| issue=33700|page=1877| date=20 March 1931|nolink=yes}}
8. ^¹{{Cite book| last=Hillmer| first=Norman| contribution=Biography > Governors General of Canada > Bessborough, Vere Brabazon| title=The Canadian Encyclopedia| editor-last=Marsh| editor-first=James H.| place=Toronto| publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000709| accessdate=31 March 2009}}
9. ^{{cite news| url=http://www2.canada.com/components/print.aspx?id=3d2bef91-aa4a-4ec7-aa43-549437b8cb9f| archive-url=https://archive.is/20130102111356/http://www2.canada.com/components/print.aspx?id=3d2bef91-aa4a-4ec7-aa43-549437b8cb9f| dead-url=yes| archive-date=2 January 2013| title=Shipping heiress kept theatre alive in Montreal| last=Kalbfleisch| first=John| date=29 March 2009| newspaper=Montreal Gazette| publisher=Canwest| accessdate=29 March 2009}}
10. ^{{London Gazette| issue=13384|pages=204–205 | date=1 January 1919 |city=e |nolink=yes }}
11. ^{{London Gazette| issue=33690|page=1124| date=17 February 1931|nolink=yes }}
12. ^{{London Gazette| issue=33700|page=1877| date=20 March 1931|nolink=yes }}
13. ^{{London Gazette |issue=34064 |page=4057 |date=26 June 1934 |nolink=yes }}
14. ^{{London Gazette| issue=31615 |page=13002| date=24 October 1919|nolink=yes }}
15. ^¹²³{{citation| editor-last=Mosley| editor-first=Charles| authorlink=Charles Mosley (genealogist)| title=Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage| publisher=Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd| volume=3| edition=107|year=2003| location=Wilmington| page=363}}
16. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/senate/honorarydegreeslist.cfm#P| title=University of Alberta Senate > Honorary Degrees > Past Honorary Degree Recipients > P| publisher=University of Alberta| accessdate=28 April 2009| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527195725/http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/senate/honorarydegreeslist.cfm#P| archivedate=27 May 2011| df=dmy-all}}
17. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.clearwateracademy.com/html/about_cwa_facilities.htm| title=Clear Water Academy > Our School > Facilities | publisher=Clear Water Academy| accessdate=31 March 2009}}