“Vernon Kell”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, in 1873, Kell was the son of Major Waldegrave Kell of the 38th Foot and his wife, Georgiana Augusta Konarska. She was a daughter of a Polish émigré, Alexander Konarski, a surgeon with the 1st Podhalian Rifle Regiment who had fought in the November Uprising and had been awarded the Virtuti Militari Gold Cross, by his marriage to an English wife.

Military service

After graduating from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Kell was commissioned into the South Staffordshire Regiment on 10 October 1894.^[3] He was promoted to lieutenant on 15 December 1896,^[4] was seconded in January 1900,^[5] and fought in the Boxer Rebellion later that year. He could speak German, Italian, French and Polish with equal facility, and after serving and studying in China and Russia, he learned their respective languages too. While he was on the intelligence staff in Tientsin he was also the foreign correspondent of The Daily Telegraph. He was promoted to the supernumerary (temporary) rank of captain in his regiment on 24 September 1901.^[6]

After his return to London from China in 1902 Kell was employed to analyse German intelligence at the War Office until 1906. He was promoted to the substantive rank of captain on 1 October 1903,^[7] and was appointed a staff captain on 9 February 1904.^[8]

Rising public fears in Great Britain of German espionage precipitated the creation of a new government intelligence agency. In 1909 Kell was selected by the War Office and the Admiralty as one of two officers, alongside Mansfield Smith-Cumming, to head the newly formed Secret Service Bureau.^[9] He retired from active duty on 16 October 1909, but remained in the reserves.^[10]

Intelligence service

Kell and Cumming decided to divide the intelligence work, Kell taking responsibility for domestic concerns, while Cumming was to oversee foreign matters. However, their working relationship was fraught, as Cumming advocated the separation of the Bureau's work into two distinct departments. The separation took place in 1910.^[11] These two distinct sections were later retitled as the Security Service and the Secret Intelligence Service (now commonly known as MI5 and MI6 respectively).

Kell was promoted to the rank of major in the reserves on 20 August 1913.^[8] Following the outbreak of war in 1914, Kell was restored to active duty as a GSO 2,^[12] and was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel on 5 September.^[13] On 1 March 1915, he was appointed a GSO 1, retaining his temporary rank.^[14] For his service, he received a brevet promotion to lieutenant-colonel on 3 June 1916, and received a temporary promotion to colonel on 21 December.^[15]^[16]

First World War

During the First World War, Kell headed MI5(g), a section dealing with the Indian seditionist movement in Europe. Among Kell's officers were ex-ICS officers Robert Nathan and H. L. Stephenson.^[17] Kell also worked closely with the Special Branch of Scotland Yard, then headed by Basil Thomson, and was successful in tracing the work of Indian revolutionaries collaborating with the Germans during the war.^[18]

Between the wars

Kell was promoted to the rank of colonel in the reserves on 1 April 1924.^[19] Upon reaching the age of 60 on 21 November 1933, he was struck from the reserve list.^[20] Kell received an honorary promotion to major-general on 27 September 1939.^[21]

In December 1938, having reached retirement age, Kell asked to remain in post on a year-to-year basis.^[22]{{rp|218}} With the onset of war, MI5 finally got the hiring and financial resources of which it had been starved for years. However, MI5 proved unable to deploy them without confusion^[22]{{rp|219}} and Kell and his deputy, both in their mid-60s, got the blame. On 10 June 1940 Kell was dismissed on the instructions of Winston Churchill, after 30 years in post. He was the longest-serving head of any British government department during the 20th century.^[22]{{rp|227}}

Honours

British

Other

Popular culture

Kell was the basis for a major character in Bert Coules's radio adaptation of Arthur Conan Doyle's His Last Bow. He was portrayed as a highly talented officer and a polyglot who had immense respect for Sherlock Holmes, claiming to have read all his publications. Kell convinces Holmes to join the war effort and to seek out the mastermind of a German espionage organisation.

Kell is depicted as an ally of a secret society of bodyguards attached to the radical women's suffrage movement in the graphic novel trilogy Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons (2015). The depiction is considered rather fantastic.

Kell is a major character in the novel called Blackest Of Lies. Written by novelist Bill Aitken, which is set during the First World War and concerns the death of Lord Kitchener.

In Dennis Wheatley's 1950 novel "The Second Seal", Kell investigates the book's hero, the Duke de Richleau. When the Duke meets a highly placed official at a London party in the Spring of 1914, he spins a fantastic yarn to the official about a plot by the Serbian Black Hand to stir up trouble in the Balkans and maybe promote a World War. Kell is given the job of verifying the Duke's background and reliability.

See also

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Madeira|first1=Victor|title=Britannia and the Bear: The Anglo-Russian Intelligence Wars, 1917-1929|date=2014|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, U.K.|isbn=9781843838951|page=140|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xNXCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140&dq=%22Evelyn+Gardens%22+london&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU_ZyzvL7MAhUqAcAKHUL6Dp4Q6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=%22Evelyn%20Gardens%22%20london&f=false|oclc=870639051}}
2. ^H. Montgomery Hyde, "A matter of official secrets", The Times, 4 December 1976
3. ^{{London Gazette|issue=26559|page=5688|date=9 October 1894}}
4. ^{{London Gazette|issue=26836|page=1741|date=26 March 1897 |nolink=y}}
5. ^{{London Gazette| issue=27163 |supp=y|page=910| date=9 February 1900| |nolink=y}}
6. ^{{London Gazette| issue=27418 |page=1964 |date=21 March 1902 |nolink=y}}
7. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27604|page=6152|date=9 October 1903 |nolink=y}}
8. ^¹{{London Gazette|issue=27712|page=5844|date=9 September 1904 |nolink=y}}
9. ^Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of Mi5 (London, 2009), p.21.
10. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28297|page=7567|date=15 October 1909 |nolink=y}}
11. ^Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of Mi5 (London, 2009), pp.25–27.
12. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29046 |supp=y|page=690|date=19 January 1915 |nolink=y}}
13. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28892|page=7001|date=4 September 1914 |nolink=y}}
14. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29124 |supp=y|page=3554|date=9 April 1915 |nolink=y}}
15. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29608 |supp=y|page=5559|date=2 June 1916 |nolink=y}}
16. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29871 |supp=y|page=12424|date=19 December 1916 |nolink=y}}
17. ^{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=218}}
18. ^{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=220}}
19. ^{{London Gazette|issue=32940|page=4310|date=30 May 1924 |nolink=y}}
20. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34005|page=8127|date=15 December 1933 |nolink=y}}
21. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34714 |supp=y|page=7102|date=20 October 1939 |nolink=y}}
22. ^¹²Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London, 2009)
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/world-war-2.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=25 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610225907/https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/world-war-2.html |archivedate=10 June 2011 }}
24. ^{{London Gazette|issue=31395|page=7426|date=6 June 1919 |nolink=y}}
25. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29916 |supp=y|page=924|date=23 January 1917 |nolink=y}}
26. ^{{London Gazette|issue=30302 |supp=y|page=9863|date=21 September 1917 |nolink=y}}
27. ^{{London Gazette|issue=30306 |supp=y|page=9946|date=25 September 1917 |nolink=y}}
28. ^{{London Gazette|issue=31263 |supp=y|page=4199|date=28 March 1919 |nolink=y}}
29. ^¹Portrait photograph of Kell at Plate 1 of Christopher Andrew's Authorised History of MI5 (partly obscured)

Early life