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词条 Very large floating structure
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Classification

  3. VLFS types

  4. Applications

     Floating airport  Floating landing platforms  Floating LNG production facility 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}Very large floating structures (VLFSs) or very large floating platforms (VLFPs) are manmade islands, which may be constructed to create floating airports, bridges, breakwaters, piers and docks, storage facilities (for oil & natural gas), wind and solar power plants, for military purposes, to create industrial space, emergency bases, entertainment facilities (such as casinos), recreation parks, mobile offshore structures and even for habitation. Currently, several different concepts have been proposed for building floating cities or huge living complexes.[1] Some units have been constructed and are presently in operation.[2]

Floating structures offer several advantages over more permanent structures which might extend from the shore into open water:

  • they do not damage the marine eco-system;
  • they do not cause silt deposition in deep harbors;
  • they do not disrupt the ocean currents;
  • they are easy to construct, since much of the construction is completed onshore;
  • installation is rapid;
  • they are immune to seismic shock.[3]

Overview

VLFS differ from watercraft in that the usable area is the top surface instead of the internal (hold) areas. Thus a useful VLFS will cover significant area. It can be constructed by joining the necessary number of floating units together. The design of the floating structure must comport with safety and strength requirements, operating conditions, etc. Steel, concrete (prestressed or reinforced hybrid) or steel-concrete composite materials may be used to build the floating structure. The motion of the floating structure due to wind or wave action must be substantially neutralized, to ensure the safety of people and facilities on a VLFS, and to allow useful activities. VLFS must be securely moored to the ocean bed.[4]

Classification

Current designs for VLFS fall into two categories: semi-submersible, and pontoon.

The semi-submersible-type VLFS has a raised platform above sea level using column tubes; it is more suitable for deployment in high seas with large waves. In open sea, where the waves are relatively large, the semi-submersible VLFS minimizes the effects of waves while maintaining a constant buoyant force. Semi-submersible types are used for petroleum exploration in deep waters. They are fixed in place by column tubes, piles, or other bracing systems.

The pontoon-type VLFS platform rests on the water surface and is intended for deployment in calm waters such as a cove, a lagoon or a harbor. Its basic element is a simple box structure; it usually offers high stability, low manufacturing cost and easy maintenance and repair. The pontoon type is supported by its buoyancy on the sea surface. The pontoon type is flexible compared to other kinds of offshore structures, so that the elastic deformations are more important than their rigid body motions. Thus, hydroelastic analysis is uppermost in designing the pontoon-type VLFS. Together with the motion of the floating structure, the response of the structure to water waves and the impact on the entire fluid domain have to be studied.

VLFS types

Pontoon-type VLFS are also known in the literature as mat-like VLFS because of their small draft in relation to the length dimensions. {{anchor|Mega-Float}}Very large pontoon-type floating structures are often called Mega-Floats. As a rule, the Mega-Float is a floating structure having at least one length dimension greater than 60 meters. Horizontally large floating structures can be from 500 to 5000 meters in length and 100 to 1000 meters in width, with typical thickness of 2 to 10 meters.

Air-cushion supported Mega-Floaters are mega floaters that are supported by an air cushion. They were invented by Jan Van Kessel of TU Delft.[5]

Applications

Many large floating structures have been conceptualized, including a golf course,[6]

a farm,[7] and habitable long-term living complexes (seasteading).

Some large floating structures that have been built include floating airports and floating landing platforms for returning rockets.

Floating airport

{{asof|2002}}, the largest offshore structure built is the Mega-Float, a floating airport prototype that was constructed in Tokyo Bay from 1998 to 1999.[8] It is one kilometer in length, and was primarily intended as a test vehicle, to research the loadings and responses of such installations.[9] This project was substituted as a study project to provide more definite information about a proposed floating runway at Kansai International Airport, which was not built (an artificial island was instead constructed to support the runway).

Floating landing platforms

In the 2010s, Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) contracted with a Louisiana shipyard to build a floating landing platform for reusable orbital launch vehicles. The platform had an approximately {{convert|90|x|50|m|sp=us}} landing pad surface and was capable of precision positioning with diesel-powered azimuth thrusters[10] so the platform can hold its position for launch vehicle landing. This platform was first deployed in January 2015[11] when SpaceX attempted a controlled descent flight test to land the first stage of Falcon 9 Flight 14 on a solid surface after it was used to loft a contracted payload toward Earth orbit.[12][13] The platform utilizes GPS position information to navigate and hold its precise position.[14] The rocket landing leg span is {{convert|60|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}} and must not only land within the {{convert|170|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on|adj=on}}-wide barge deck, but must also deal with ocean swells and GPS errors.

SpaceX CEO Elon Musk first displayed a photograph of the "autonomous spaceport drone ship" in November 2014. The ship is designed to hold position to within {{convert|3|m|sp=us}}, even under storm conditions.[15]

On 8 April 2016, the first stage of the rocket that launched the Dragon CRS-8 spacecraft, successfully landed on the drone ship named Of Course I Still Love You, the first successful landing of a rocket booster on a floating platform.[16]

{{asof|2018}}, Blue Origin is intending to make the first stage boosters of New Glenn be reusable, and recover launched boosters downrange on the Atlantic Ocean via a ship that is underway acting as a floating movable landing platform. The hydrodynamically-stabilized ship increases the likelihood of successful recovery in rough seas.[17]

Floating LNG production facility

The Shell floating LNG plant is under construction to process and liquify offshore natural gas into liquified natural gas for transport and storage.[18]

The Shell project is scheduled to begin processing gas in 2016.[19]

See also

  • Floating building
  • Floating wind turbine
  • Heavy-lift ship
  • Aircraft carrier
  • Submerged floating tunnel
  • Mobile offshore base
  • Seasteading

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deltasync.nl/deltasync/index.php?id=1&L=1|title=DeltaSync floating city|publisher=Deltasync.nl|accessdate=27 October 2014}}
2. ^Japan constructed the Mega-Float (a floating runway in Tokyo bay); Japan also has floating fuel storage bases at Shirashima and Kamigoto Islands, and floating ferry piers at Ujina port (Hiroshima). Several very long floating bridges are currently in use; three are located near Seattle, Washington USA. The Floating Bridge, Dubai, over the Dubai Creek, is 300 meters long. Singapore built the world’s largest floating performance stage at the Marina Bay, and is currently installing a mega floating fuel storage facility off Pulau Sebarok. South Korea is currently installing three floating islands on the Han River, to be used for convention centers, and another project at Seoul will function as hotel/convention center/customs site/quay. Science Direct, Very Large Floating Structures, p. 63
3. ^{{cite journal|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705811010848 | doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.007 | volume=14 | title=Very Large Floating Structures: Applications, Research and Development | year=2011 | journal=Procedia Engineering | pages=62–72 | last1 = Wang | first1 = C.M. | last2 = Tay | first2 = Z.Y.}}
4. ^{{cite journal|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705811010848 | doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.007 | volume=14 | title=Very Large Floating Structures: Applications, Research and Development | year=2011 | journal=Procedia Engineering | pages=62–72 | last1 = Wang | first1 = C.M. | last2 = Tay | first2 = Z.Y.}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.delta.tudelft.nl/nl/archief/artikel/shoebox-at-sea/20630|title=Jan Van Kessel's mega-floater design|publisher=Delta.tudelft.nl|accessdate=27 October 2014}}
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Kiniry|first1=Laura|title=9 of the World's Weirdest Floating Structures: floating golf course|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/9-of-the-worlds-weirdest-floating-structures#slide-3|accessdate=28 October 2014}}
7. ^{{cite news|last1=Kiniry|first1=Laura|title=9 of the World's Weirdest Floating Structures: floating farm|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/9-of-the-worlds-weirdest-floating-structures#slide-5|accessdate=28 October 2014}}
8. ^Very large floating structure — Mega-Float, completed 1999. New Atlantis 2002, retrieved 1 October 2011
9. ^Areas being studied in Mega-Float include the hydroelastic behavior of the unit, the mooring system response and durability, the connector system and its welded joints, the anti-corrosion system, the unit's effect on the surrounding seawaves which impact the nearby shoreline, and the unit's effect on the bay's prevailing currents, water quality and marine ecosystems.
10. ^{{cite web|title=SpaceX Announces Spaceport Barge Positioned by Thrustmaster’s Thrusters|url=http://www.thrustmaster.net/spacex-announces-spaceport-barge-positioned-thrustmasters-thrusters/|publisher=Thrustmaster|accessdate=23 November 2014|date=22 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207091326/http://www.thrustmaster.net/out-drive-propulsion-unit/portable-dynamic-positioning-system/|archivedate=7 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}
11. ^{{cite news|last1=Bergin|first1=Chris|title=SpaceX confirms CRS-5 launch slip to 6 January|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/12/spacex-static-fire-falcon-9-crs-5/|accessdate=18 December 2014|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=17 December 2014}}
12. ^{{cite news|last1=Foust|first1=Jeff|title=Next Falcon 9 Launch Could See First-stage Platform Landing|url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/42305next-falcon-9-launch-could-see-first-stage-platform-landing|accessdate=25 October 2014|work=Space News|date=25 October 2014}}
13. ^{{cite news|last1=Bullis|first1=Kevin|title=SpaceX Plans to Start Reusing Rockets Next Year|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532066/spacex-plans-to-start-reusing-rockets-next-year/|accessdate=26 October 2014|work=MIT Technology Review|date=25 October 2014}}
14. ^{{cite news|last1=Dean|first1=James|title=SpaceX to attempt Falcon 9 booster landing on floating platform|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/spacex/2014/10/24/spacex-attempt-falcon-booster-landing-floating-platform/17847817/|accessdate=27 October 2014|date=24 October 2014}}
15. ^{{cite web|last1=Musk|first1=Elon|title=Autonomous spaceport drone ship|url=https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/536262624653365248|publisher=SpaceX|accessdate=23 November 2014|date=22 November 2014}}
16. ^{{Cite web |url=http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/08/spacex-rocket-makes-spectacular-landing-on-drone-ship/ |title=SpaceX Rocket Makes Spectacular Landing on Drone Ship |website=Phenomena |access-date=10 April 2016}}
17. ^{{cite news |last=Burghardt|first=Thomas |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/09/new-shepard-blue-origin-billion-new-glenn/ |title=Building on New Shepard, Blue Origin to pump a billion dollars into New Glenn readiness |work=NASASpaceFlight.com |date=20 September 2018 |accessdate=22 September 2018 }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shell.com/home/content/media/news_and_media_releases/archive/2010/flng_technology_greater_sunrise_29042010.html |title=Shell floating LNG technology chosen by joint venture for Greater Sunrise project - Shell Worldwide |publisher=Shell.com |accessdate=10 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529042931/http://www.shell.com/home/content/media/news_and_media_releases/archive/2010/flng_technology_greater_sunrise_29042010.html |archivedate=29 May 2011 }}
19. ^{{cite news|last1=Kelly|first1=Ross|title=GDF Suez, Santos Halt Innovative LNG Plan in Australia: Companies Say Offshore Conversion Project Not Commercially Viable|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/gdf-suez-retreats-from-australian-floating-lng-project-1403167709|accessdate=30 December 2014|work=Wall Street Journal|date=19 June 2014|quote=The decision highlights the risks confronting Australian gas-export projects as they grapple with high costs and competition from North America and Russia, which are vying to provide Asian utilities with cleaner-burning fuels. Confidence in "floating" liquefied natural gas may also be diminishing—two years before a Royal Dutch Shell PLC-owned vessel is due to begin processing gas for the first time.}}

External links

  • Hydroelastic Analysis of Very Large Floating Structures, A.I. Andrianov, PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, 2005
  • {{cite news|last=Clover|first=Charles|date=14 August 2015|title=Chinese launch floating fortress project|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/10c52276-40d8-11e5-b98b-87c7270955cf.html|newspaper=ft.com|access-date=15 August 2015|subscription=yes}}
{{Emerging technologies}}

6 : Watercraft|Structural system|Fluid mechanics|Naval architecture|Emerging technologies|Floating architecture
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