“Viranşehir”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Viranşehir ({{lang-ku|Wêranşar}}) is a market town serving a cotton-growing area of Şanlıurfa Province, in southeastern Turkey, 93 km east of Şanlıurfa city and 53 km north-west of the Syrian border at Ceylanpınar. In Late Antiquity, it was known as Constantina or Constantia ({{lang-el|Κωνσταντίνη}}) by the Romans and Byzantines, and Tella by the local Assyrian/Syriac population,^[1] but is today inhabited predominantly by ethnic Kurds and Arabs.

History

The name Viranşehir, derives from Kurdish Wêranşar (وێرانشار) meaning the ruined city and it has indeed been destroyed repeatedly in the course of history.

According to the Byzantine historian John Malalas, the city was built by the Roman Emperor Constantine I on the site of former Maximianopolis, which had been destroyed by a Persian attack and an earthquake. During the next two centuries, it was an important location in the Roman/Byzantine Near East, playing a crucial role in the Roman–Persian Wars of the 6th century as the seat of the dux Mesopotamiae (363–540).^[1] It was also a bishopric, suffragan of Edessa. Jacob Baradaeus was born near the city and was a monk in a nearby monastery.^[1] The city was captured by the Arabs in 639.^[1]

The city became the base for the Ottoman statesman of Kurdish origin Ibrahim Pasha, leader of the Kurdish Milan tribe, in the late nineteenth century. Beginning in 1891, Ibrahim Pasha led several regiments of the state-sponsored tribal light cavalries known as the Hamidiye Brigades. He enjoyed the favor of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and also extended protection to local Christian populations, with some 600 families taking up residence in the district by the early 1900s.^[2] The British spy and diplomat Mark Sykes claimed that Ibrahim Pasha had also saved some 10,000 Christians in the midst of the massacres of the 1890s.^[3] The historian Janet Klein writes that "on the eve of the Young Turk Revolution, Ibrahim Pasha was one of the most powerful figures in all of Kurdistan."^[4] Yet after the revolution, Ibrahim Pasha could no longer count on the support of the palace. He died on 27 September 1908 of dysentery, hotly pursued by Ottoman troops near Nusaybin.^[5]

On the eve of World War I, Viranşehir's Armenian population of numbered 1,339. The city's kaimakam apparently objected to May 1915 orders of raids on the population, but higher-ups eventually prevailed, and the entire population was massacred or sent to Ras al-'Ayn.^[6]

Modern city

Thanks to the income from cotton Viranşehir is one of the fastest-growing towns in Turkey, the population having more than doubled from 57,461 in 1990 to 121,382 in 2000 (census figures). (The urban population is 89,940 as of 2009.^[7]

The Mayor of Viransehir, Leyla Güven, was detained in December 2009 under Turkey's anti-terror legislation. Her trial began on 18 October 2010. She finally got released on July 2014 with 30 other local elected representatives, after four years of detention.^[8]

Notable people

See also

References

1. ^¹²³{{citation | editor-first = Alexander | editor-last = Kazhdan |editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan | title = Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6 | page=497}}
2. ^{{Cite book|title = Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915|last = Jongerden|first = Joost|publisher = Brill|year = 2012|isbn = |location = Leiden|pages = 62–65}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title = The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950|last = Üngör|first = Uğur Ümit|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2011|isbn = |location = New York|pages = 18}}
4. ^{{Cite book|title = The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone|last = Klein|first = Janet|publisher = Stanford University Press|year = 2011|isbn = |location = Stanford, Calif.|pages = 102}}
5. ^{{Cite book|title = The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone|last = Klein|first = Janet|publisher = Stanford University Press|year = 2011|isbn = |location = Stanford, Calif.|pages = 103–104}}
6. ^{{Cite book|title = The Armenian Genocide: a Complete History|last = Kevorkian|first = Raymond|publisher = Tauris|year = 2011|isbn = |location = New York|pages = 366}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/adnksdagitapp/adnks.zul |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-09-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920154607/http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/adnksdagitapp/adnks.zul |archivedate=2015-09-20 |df= }}
8. ^"Congress pleased by a release of Leyla Güven and the other elected representatives detained in Turkey"; http://www.coe.int/t/congress/files/topics/leyla-guven/default_en.asp