| 词条 | Vivekachudamani | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Vivekachudamani | image = | author = Attributed to Adi Shankara,{{sfn|Grimes|2004}} though generally rejected by modern scholarship{{sfn|Grimes|2004|p=23}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2006|p=4}} | country = India | language = Sanskrit | subject = Hindu philosophy | genre = Advaita Vedanta | publisher = Original: 8th century or later; Modern: T.K. Balasubramania Iyer (1910){{sfn|Grimes|2004|pp=274-278}} | english_pub_date = Many ([https://archive.org/details/vivekachudamanio00sankrich Madhavananda] (1921), [https://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/crest/crest-1.htm Charles Johnston] (1946), [https://books.google.com/books?id=jCEX083AJA4C John Grimes] (2004)) | oclc = 51477985 | dewey = | congress = }}{{Hinduism}}{{Advaita}} The Vivekachudamani (Sanskrit: विवेकचूडामणि) is an introductory treatise within the Advaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism.[1] It is in the form of a poem in the Shardula Vikridita metre,[1] and for many centuries has been celebrated as a prakaraṇa grantha (teaching manual) of Advaita.[1] The Hindu tradition attributes it to Adi Shankara of the eighth century CE. This attribution is controversial, generally considered "most probably erroneous" by modern scholarship. Its likely author may be one of the other Shankaracharyas of the Advaita tradition.{{sfn|Grimes|2004|p=23}}[4] Vivekachudamani literally means the "Crest-jewel of discrimination".[2] It expounds the Advaita Vedanta philosophy in the form of a self-teaching manual, with many verses in the form of a dialogue between a student and a spiritual teacher. The text discusses key concepts and the viveka or discrimination or discernment between real (unchanging, eternal) and unreal (changing, temporal), Prakriti and Atman, the oneness of Atman and Brahman, and self-knowledge as the central task of the spiritual life and for Moksha.[6]{{sfn|Grimes|2004}}[3]Through the centuries, the Vivekachudamani has been translated into several languages and has been the topic of many commentaries and expositions. AuthorThe authorship of Vivekachudamani has been questioned.{{sfn|Grimes|2004}}{{refn|group=note|According to Reza Shah-Kazemi the authorship of Shankara is doubtful,{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2006|p=4}} though it is "so closely interwoven into the spiritual heritage of Shankara that any analysis of his perspective which fails to consider [this work] would be incomplete".{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2006|p=4}} See also arshabodha.org, Sri Sankara’s Vivekachudamani, p.3-4, The Question of Authorship of Vivekachudamani}} Paul Hacker, an Indologist and scholar of Advaita, set out a methodology for ascertaining authorship of Advaita texts and he concluded that though the Vivekachudmani is unusual in parts, it was likely authored by Adi Shankara.[1][4] Hacker stated that the definitions of the key concepts, premises and ideas found in the Vivekachudmani match with those in Shankara's established authentic works.[5] Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr., another influential Indologist, rejected Hacker's conclusion by accepting Hacker's methodology and presenting evidence from its manuscripts that some of the ideas in the text do not fully agree with those of Adi Shankara.[5][4] According to Michael Comans, a scholar of Advaita Vedanta, though the Hindu tradition popularly believes that Adi Shankara authored Vivekachudamani, this is "most probably erroneous".[4] Comans gives the following reasons for his doubts: the highly poetic style of Vivekachudamani is not found in other genuine works of Adi Shankara; there is a lack of extensive commentaries (bhasya) on Vivekachudamani which is unusual given the extensive commentaries on his other works; and unlike Shankara's other genuine works which give minimal importance to "nirvikalpa samadhi" practices, the Vivekachudamani gives special importance to it.[4] Though Vivekachudamani is a popular manual on Vedanta, it is probably the work of a later Shankara, and not Adi Shankara, states Comans.[6] Yet another theory, states Berger, is that "rather than simply having been written or not written by [Adi] Sankara, the Crown Jewel of Discrimination may be a corporately authored work [of Advaita monasteries] that went through revisions".[5] According to Natalia Isayeva, a scholar of Advaita Vedanta, it is "far less probable" that Adi Shankara authored Vivekachudamani.[7] Sengaku Mayeda, another scholar of Indian Philosophy and Advaita Vedanta, states that though widely accepted as Shankara's work, Vivekachudamani is likely not his work.[8] According to John Grimes, a professor of Hinduism and Buddhism known for his translation of Vivekachudamani, "modern scholars tend to reject that Adi Shankara composed Vivekachudamani, while traditionalists tend to accept it", and there is an unending "arguments and counter-arguments" about its authorship.{{sfn|Grimes|2004|p=23}} Grimes states that his work strengthens the case that "there is still a likelihood that Śaṅkara is the author of the Vivekacūḍāmaṇi," {{sfn|Grimes|2004|p=23}} noting that ""a strong case can be made that the Vivekacudamani is a genuine work of Sankara's and that it differs in certain respects from his other works in that it addresses itself to a different audience and has a different emphasis and purpose."{{sfn|Grimes|2004|p=13}}[5] According to Swami Dayananda Saraswati, a Vedanta teacher, "I do not think we lose anything even if the authorship is attributed to any other Sankaracharya of one of the various Sankara-mathas." [9] ManuscriptsMany historic manuscripts of Vivekacudmani have been found in different monasteries of Advaita Vedanta. These have minor variations, and a critical edition of these has not been published yet.{{sfn|Grimes|2004|pp=274-278}} The earliest original Sanskrit manuscript of Vivekacudmani was published from Srirangam (Tamil Nadu) by T.K. Balasubramania Iyer in 1910.{{sfn|Grimes|2004|pp=274-278}} This edition has attracted much of 20th- and 21st-century scholarship, and has been republished in 1983 after some revision and re-arrangement to reflect studies on it since 1910. Other editions have been the basis of a few Indian translations. The five most referred to manuscripts in Advaita scholarship have been published by Samata (Chennai), Advaita Ashrama (Kolkata), Sri Ramakrishna Math (Chennai), Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (Mumbai), Chinmayananda Ashrama (Mumbai).{{sfn|Grimes|2004|pp=274-278}} ContentsVivekachudamani consists of 580 verses in Sanskrit. These cover a range of spiritual topics and their answers according to the Advaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism.
The text begins with salutations to Govinda, which can be interpreted either as referring to God or to his guru Sri Govinda Bhagavatpada.[2] It then expounds the significance of Self Realisation, ways to reach it, and the characteristics of a Guru. It criticizes attachment to the body and goes to explain the various Sareeras, Kosas, Gunas, Senses and Pranas which constitute the Anatman.[11] It teaches the disciple the ways to attain Self-realisation, methods of meditation (dhyana) and introspection of the Atman. The Vivekachudamani describes the characteristics of an enlightened human being (Jivanmukta)[12] and a person of steady wisdom (Sthitaprajna) on the lines of Bhagavad Gita.[13] SignificanceThe Vivekachudmani has been celebrated for centuries as a lucid introductory treatise to Advaita Vedanta.[5] It is, states Berger, not a "philosophical or polemical" text. It is primarily a pedagogical treatise, as an aid to an Advaitin's spiritual journey to liberation rather than "philosophy for the sake of philosophy". It is one of the texts of "spiritual sustenance" in the Advaita tradition.[14] The Vivekachudmani is one of several historic teaching manuals in the Advaita tradition, one of its most popular. Other texts that illustrate Advaita ideas in a manner broadly similar to Vivekachudmani but are neither as comprehensive nor same, include Ekasloki, Svatmaprakasika, Manisapancaka, Nirvanamanjari, Tattvopadesa, Prasnottararatnamalika, Svatmanirupana, Prabodhasudhakara and Jivanmuktanandalahari.[15] These texts are not attributed to Adi Shankara. Upadesasahasri, another Advaita teaching manual, is attributed to Adi Shankara.[16][17] Commentaries and translationsThere are two Sanskrit commentaries on this work. Sri Sacchidananda Shivabhinava Nrusimha Bharati, the pontiff of Sringeri, wrote a commentary titled Vivekodaya (Dawn of Discrimination) on the first 7 verses of this work. His disciple, Sri Chandrasekhara Bharathi, has written a Vyakhya or commentary on the first 515 verses of this work. This work has been repeatedly translated into various languages, often accompanied by a commentary in the same language. English translations and commentaries include those by Swami Prabhavananda and Christopher Isherwood, Swami Madhavananda, Swami Turiyananda and Swami Chinmayananda. Tamil translations and commentaries include those by Ramana Maharshi. Swami Jyotihswarupananda has translated the Vivekachudamani into Marathi.[18] A recent scholarly translation of the text was published in 2004 by John Grimes – a professor of Hinduism and Buddhism. His translation has been reviewed by Douglas Berger, who states, "the [Vivekacudmani] translation itself is a testament to Grimes’ surpassing Sanskrit skills and thorough knowledge of Vedantic textual exegesis. The unusually lucid presentation of the Sanskrit slokas is rendered with exactness and eloquent clarity in the English. The accompanying Upanisadic cross-referencing and Sanskrit-English lexicon of key terms will prove themselves enormously helpful to lay readers, students, and scholars.[19] Famous verses
Translation: Brahman is the only truth, the world is illusory, and there is ultimately no difference between Brahman and individual self[20] While this verse is frequently attributed to the Vivekacudamani, in fact it comes from Verse 20 of the Brahma Jnana Vali Mala.
Translation: By reflection, reasoning and instructions of teachers, the truth is known, Not by ablutions, not by making donations, nor by performing hundreds of breath control exercises.[21] Notes1. ^{{harvnb|Usha|1990}} 2. ^1 {{Harvnb|Madhavananda|1921|p=1}} 3. ^{{Harvnb|Espín|James B. Nickoloff|2007|p=1471}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|author=Govind Chandra Pande|title=Life and Thought of Śaṅkarācārya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAiyujUqTwYC |year=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1104-1|pages=117–119}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|last1=Berger|first1= Douglas L.|title=The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada: An Introduction and Translation (review)|journal= Philosophy East and West|volume=55|issue =4|year= 2005|pages= 616–619 |doi=10.1353/pew.2005.0032}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author1=Toṭakācārya|author2=Michael Comans (translator)|title=Extracting the Essence of the Sruti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-eq605vuwUC|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1410-3|pages=xv–xvi}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Natalia Isayeva|title=Shankara and Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8joZUvpnGlwC |year=1993|publisher= State University of New York Press|isbn= 978-1-4384-0762-3|page=98}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Sengaku Mayeda|title=A Thousand Teachings: The Upadesasahasri of Sankara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Jc9RHYN3qsC|year=2006|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2771-4|pages=10 footnote 33}} 9. ^Sri Sankara’s Vivekachudamani, Achyarya Pranipata Chaitanya (Translator) and Satinder Dhiman, p. 4 10. ^1 Sri Sankara’s Vivekachudamani, Achyarya Pranipata Chaitanya (Translator) and Satinder Dhiman, Tiruchengode Chinmaya Mission, Tamil Nadu (2011) 11. ^{{cite book|title=Sri Samkara’s Vivekacudamani|author=Sri Chandrashe hara Bharati of Sringeri|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|place=Mumbai|page=xxi|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ncQYAAAAIAAJ&q=sri+samkara's+vivekacudamani&dq=sri+samkara's+vivekacudamani&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cSjAUOuVM4vprQe-moHoCw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/29/stories/2005062900070900.htm|title= Man of wisdom |date=2005-06-29|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=2009-05-22}} 13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/18/stories/2009021859851100.htm|title= State of liberation |date=2009-02-18|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=2009-05-22}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Berger|first1= Douglas L.|title=The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada: An Introduction and Translation (review)|journal= Philosophy East and West|volume=55|issue =4|year= 2005|pages= 618–619 |doi=10.1353/pew.2005.0032}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=Govind Chandra Pande|title=Life and Thought of Śaṅkarācārya|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nAiyujUqTwYC&pg=PA121 |year=1994 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 978-81-208-1104-1|pages=117–121}} 16. ^{{cite book|author1=Śaṅkarācārya|author2=Sengaku Mayeda (Translator)|title=A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcNM17mfaRgC | year=1979|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn= 978-0-7914-0944-2|pages=15–16}} 17. ^{{cite book|author=N. V. Isaeva|title=Shankara and Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C | year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1281-7|pages=220–221}} 18. ^Nagpur, India: Ramakrishna Math; 2009 19. ^{{cite journal|last1=Berger|first1= Douglas L.|title=The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada: An Introduction and Translation (review)|journal= Philosophy East and West|volume=55|issue =4|year= 2005|page= 619 |doi=10.1353/pew.2005.0032}} 20. ^{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Steven |title=Krishna's Song|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|page=70|url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=9HbFbhJcdXIC&pg=PA70&dq=vivekachudamani | isbn=978-0-313-34553-1}} 21. ^See* D. Datta (1888), Moksha, or the Vedántic Release, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Oct., 1888), pp. 513-539; * Madhavananda’s [https://archive.org/details/vivekachudamanio00sankrich translation of Vivekachudamani] published in 1921, Himalayan Series 43 References{{reflist|2}}Sources{{refbegin|2}}
Further reading
External links{{wikisource|The Crest Jewel of Wisdom}}
6 : Sanskrit texts|Advaita Vedanta|Sanskrit poetry|8th-century works|Adi Shankara|Hindu texts |
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