“Aerial Lift Bridge”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Aerial Lift Bridge (earlier known as the Aerial Bridge or Aerial Ferry Bridge) is a landmark in the port city of Duluth, Minnesota. The span began life in 1905 as the United States' first transporter bridge. (Only one other was ever constructed in the country, Sky Ride in Chicago).^[2] In 1929–30, the span was converted to a vertical lift bridge (also rather uncommon, although there are six such bridges along Ontario's Welland Canal), and continues to operate today. The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 1973. The United States Army Corps of Engineers maintains a nearby maritime museum.

Bridge history

The bridge spans the Duluth Ship Canal, which was put through the miles-long sand spit named Minnesota Point (commonly referred to as Park Point by locals) in 1870–71. The natural mouth of the Saint Louis River is about {{convert|7|mi|km|spell=in}} farther southeast, and is split between Minnesota and Wisconsin. Creating this gap in the tiny peninsula meant that residents who lived on the new island needed to have a way to get across. Several transportation methods were tried, though they were complicated by the weather. Ferries could work in the summer, but ice caused problems in colder months. A swinging footbridge was used, but was considered rather rickety and unsafe.

In 1892, a contest was held to find a solution. The winning design came from John Low Waddell, who drew up plans for a high-rise vertical lift bridge. The city of Duluth was eager to build the bridge, which would have been about {{convert|130|ft|m}} wide. However, the War Department objected to the design, and the project was canceled before it could be built. Waddell's design went on to be built in Chicago, Illinois, as the slightly larger South Halsted Street Bridge (removed in 1932).^[3]^[4]^[5]

New plans were later drawn up for a structure that would ferry people from one side to the other. This type of span, which is known variously as an aerial transfer, ferry, or transporter bridge, was first demonstrated in Bilbao's Vizcaya Bridge in 1893 and one in France in 1898. Duluth's bridge was inspired by the one in France, though the actual construction is quite different. The architect was a city engineer, Thomas McGilvray.^[1]

When it was completed in 1905, the Aerial Bridge's gondola had a capacity of 60 short tons (54 tonne) and could carry 350 people plus wagons, streetcars or automobiles. A trip across the canal took about one minute, and the ferry car moved across once every five minutes during busy times of the day.^[7] A growing population on Minnesota Point, a greater demand for cars, and an increase in tourism soon meant that the bridge's capacity was being stretched to the limit.

A remodeling was planned that would remove the gondola and incorporate a lifting platform into the structure. The firm finally commissioned with designing the new bridge was the descendant of Waddell's company. The new design, which closely resembles the 1892 concept, is attributed to C.A.P. Turner. Reconstruction began in 1929.^[1] In order to ensure that tall ships could still pass under the bridge, the top span had to be raised to accommodate the new deck when raised. The support columns on either side were also modified so that they could hold new counterweights to balance the weight of the lifting portion. The new bridge first lifted for a vessel on March 29, 1930.^[6]

The bridge can be raised to its full height of 135 feet in about a minute, and is raised about 5,000 times per year.^[7] The span is about {{convert|390|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}. As ships pass, there is a customary horn-blowing sequence that is copied back. The bridge's "horn" is actually made up of two Westinghouse Airbrake locomotive horns.^[8] Long-short-long-short means to raise the bridge, and Long-short-short is a friendly salute.

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{NRISref|2007a}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shorpy.com/node/4348|title=Strange Span: 1907|website=Shorpy.com}}
3. ^Encyclopedia of Chicago: Halsted Street Vertical Lift Bridge, 1894-1932 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623001715/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/10791.html |date=June 23, 2010}}
4. ^Minnesota Historical Society, Minnesota's Historic Bridges:Stillwater Bridge, 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041216121453/http://www.mnhs.org/places/nationalregister/bridges/nrwasb/sign.html |date=December 16, 2004 }} - includes Duluth, Chicago detail
5. ^Leonardo Fernández Troyano, Bridge engineering: a global perspective. Thomas Telford, 2003, p.728. {{ISBN|0-7277-3215-3}}. Includes Halstead bridge photo
6. ^¹Duluth Public Library, 2007 - many more photos
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/building/duluthaerialliftbridge-duluth-mn-usa|title=Duluth Aerial Lift Bridge, Duluth - 239407 - EMPORIS|first=Emporis|last=GmbH|website=www.emporis.com}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lakesuperior.com/blogs/superior-notes/ups-and-downs-my-8-years-operating-duluths-aerial-lift-bridge/|title=Ups & Downs: My 8 Years Operating Duluth's Aerial Lift Bridge|first=Ryan|last=Beamer|date=10 April 2014|publisher=}}

External links