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词条 Volcán Wolf
释义

  1. Geology

  2. Wildlife

  3. Ecology

  4. 2015 eruption

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Volcán Wolf
| photo = Wolf volcano.jpg
| photo_caption = Wolf Volcano, 2001, NASA Landsat 7 image
| elevation_m = 1707
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1707
| prominence_ref =
| map = Ecuador Galápagos Islands
| map_caption = Galápagos Islands
| label_position =
| listing = Ultra
| location = Isabela Island, Galapagos Islands
| range =
| coordinates = {{coord|0|2|31|N|91|20|01|W|type:mountain_region:EC-W|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| type = Shield volcano
| age =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
| last_eruption = May to June 2015
}}

Wolf Volcano ({{lang-es|Volcán Wolf|italic=no}}), also known as Mount Whiton,[1] is the highest peak in the Galapagos Islands. It is situated on Isabela Island and reaches {{Convert|1707|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. It is a shield volcano with a characteristic upturned soup bowl shape.

The volcano was named after Theodor Wolf, a German geologist who studied the Galapagos Islands in the 19th century. Wolf Island in the north of the Galapagos is also named after the geologist.

Its height makes Wolf Volcano an "ultra prominent peak", which is a peak with a topographic prominence of over 1500m.[2]

Geology

In a process similar to the formation of the Hawaiian islands, the Galapagos (along with associated hotspot) appear to be created from a mantle plume. This plume stays in place while the Nazca Plate moves above it; the relative movement of this plate is 0.46 degrees per million years.[3][4] The volcano itself is estimated to be less than half a million years old;[5] the oceanic plate beneath it is theorized to be around 10 million years old.

Wolf is situated at the northern end of Isabela Island in the Galapagos, and sits on the Equator, one of six coalescing volcanoes that make up this island (the others being Ecuador, Darwin, Alcedo, Sierra Negra, and Cerro Azul). Along with the Fernandina Island volcano, the western Galapagos volcanoes have similar structures that differ from the volcanoes in the eastern part of the archipelago. The western volcanoes are higher and have larger calderas than those to the east, they are also shaped like an upturned soup bowl.

Wolf reaches a height of over 1700 metres; the caldera is 6 by 7 km and has a depth of 700m. Only Cerro Azul has a caldera of similar depth in the Galapagos. Following the last eruption, there was collapse in the caldera, causing its stepped appearance. Wolf has very steep slopes reaching 35 degrees in places, making access difficult. The first historical eruption in the Galapagos was recorded for this volcano in 1797; a further ten eruptions have been recorded since then, the last being on May 25, 2015.[6] Eruptions prior to 1797 have been dated from analysis of surface exposures. The newest lavas are on the eastern and southern sides as well as within the caldera.[7][8]

Lava flows from Wolf are unusual for a mid-ocean island and also differ from the two volcanoes next to it, Ecuador and Darwin, and other volcanoes closer to the centre of the plume. The lavas from Wolf are similar to those erupted from the Galapagos Spreading Center, a mid-ocean ridge over 200 km away, which may be due to interaction between the plume, which is centred on Fernandina, and the upper mantle.[4]

Wildlife

As is common in the Galapagos, Wolf Volcano has unique fauna, differing from not only the other islands in the group but also its neighbouring volcanoes on the same island. It has its own subspecies of Galapagos tortoise, Chelonoidis nigra becki [9] which has a saddleback shell and is found on the northern and western slopes of the volcano,[10] away from the more recent lava flows where there is denser vegetation. However, tortoise subspecies from many different Galapagos islands have been abandoned at Wolf Volcano by ships which at one time collected the tortoise as a food source. C. n. becki is threatened due to population pressures such as predation by feral cats.[11] During a 2008 survey of over 1600 specimens on Wolf Volcano, all morphologies of tortoise were found, including two that in shape are similar to Lonesome George. DNA studies of these specimens are currently being undertaken.[12][13]

In 2009, a new species of land iguana, the pink land iguana, was identified on the slopes of Wolf Volcano.[14] The pink land iguana had been discovered by park rangers in 1986 and studied by scientists since 2000, and identified as a separate species in 2009. Scientists are unsure where the species developed, as it is believed to have separated from the other land iguana of Galapagos prior to the formation of Wolf volcano or Isabela Island.[15]

Ecology

The natural habitat is under threat from the introduction of goats. The Galapagos National Park has instituted Project Isabela to eradicate feral goats from around Wolf.[16]

2015 eruption

Inactive for 33 years, the Wolf volcano erupted May 25, 2015. The volcano is not located near a populated area. The lava is flowing down the volcano's east and southeast sides, so the pink land iguana inhabiting the north and west sides have not been endangered.[17][18][19][20]

See also

  • Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands
  • List of volcanoes in Ecuador

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Volcán Wolf|url=http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/3650146/Volc%C3%A1n+Wolf/EC/Ecuador/0/|website=Chinci World Atlas|accessdate=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121080737/http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/3650146/Volc%C3%A1n+Wolf/EC/Ecuador/0/|archive-date=21 January 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^{{cite web | last =de Ferranti | first =Jonathan | last2 =Maizlish | first2 =Aaron | title =Ecuador: 15 Mountain Summits with Prominence of 1,500 meters or greater | work =peaklist.org | date =2005 | url =http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/ecuador.html | accessdate = June 17, 2013}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gripp|first1=Alice E.|last2=Gordon|first2=Richard G.|title=Current plate velocities relative to the hotspots incorporating the NUVEL-1 global plate motion model|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=July 1990|volume=17|issue=8|pages=1109–1112|doi=10.1029/GL017i008p01109}} (deg/m.y. figure is on page 1110)
4. ^1 {{cite journal | last =Geist | first =Dennis J. | last2 =Naumann | first2 =Terry R. | last3 =Standish | first3 =Jared J. | last4 =Kurz | first4 =Mark D. | last5 =Harpp | first5 =Karen S. | last6 =White | first6 =William M. | last7 =Fornari | first7 =Daniel J. | title =Wolf Volcano, Galápagos Archipelago: Melting and Magmatic Evolution at the Margins of a Mantle Plume | journal =Journal of Petrology | volume =46 | issue =11 | pages =2197–2224 | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =June 13, 2005 | url =http://petrology.oxfordjournals.org/content/46/11/2197.full | doi =10.1093/petrology/egi052 | accessdate = June 18, 2013}}
5. ^{{cite web | last1 =Scott | first1 =Michon | last2 =Allen | first2 =J. | title =Wolf Volcano, Galapagos Islands | work =Earth Observatory: Images | publisher = EOS Project Science Office, NASA Godard Space Flight Center | date =February 13, 2009 | url =http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=37003 | accessdate = June 18, 2013}}
6. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/26/galapagos-islands-volcanic-eruption-could-threaten-pink-iguana-species|accessdate=26 May 2015|publisher=The Guardian|title=Galápagos Islands volcanic eruption could threaten pink iguana species}}
7. ^{{cite web | title =Volcan Wolf | work =Galapagos Geology on the Web | publisher =Cornell University Department of Geological Sciences | url =http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/GalapagosWWW/VWolf.html | accessdate = June 18, 2013}}
8. ^{{cite gvp | vn=353020 | title=Wolf}}
9. ^{{cite web | last =Rothman | first =Robert H. | title =Giant Tortoise | work =Reptiles | publisher =Rochester Institute of Technology | url =http://people.rit.edu/rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/Tortoise.html | accessdate = June 18, 2013}}
10. ^{{Citation | editor-last =Swingland | editor-first =Ian R. | editor2-last =Klemens | editor2-first =Michael W. | editor3-last =The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology | contribution =The Conservation Biology of Tortoises | contribution-url =http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/ssc-op-005.pdf | series =Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) No. 5 | year =1989 | pages =24–28 | place =Switzerland | publisher =International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources | isbn =2880329868 | accessdate = June 17, 2013}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonoidis nigra spp. becki |work=IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |date=1996 |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org |accessdate=June 17, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org/ |archivedate=June 27, 2014 }}
12. ^{{cite journal | last =Emanuel | first =Janet Rettig | title =Study of Galápagos tortoises’ DNA may locate mate for 'Lonesome George' | journal =Yale Bulletin & Calendar | volume =35 | issue =28 | publisher =Yale University | date =May 11, 2007 | url =http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v35.n28/story2.html | accessdate = June 18, 2013}}
13. ^Galapagos Conservancy {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628212856/http://www.galapagos.org/2008/index.php?id=160 |date=June 28, 2010 }}
14. ^{{Citation | last =Black | first =Richard | title =Pink iguana rewrites family tree | newspaper =BBC News | date =January 5, 2009 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7811875.stm | accessdate = June 18, 2013}}
15. ^{{cite journal| authors=Gentile; Fabiania; Marquez; Snell; Snell; Tapia;and Sbordonia |year=2009 | title=An overlooked pink species of land iguana in the Galápagos | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=106 | issue=2 | pages=507–511 | publisher=National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | doi=10.1073/pnas.0806339106|pmid=19124773 | pmc=2626733}}
16. ^{{cite web | title =Ecosystem Restoration: Project Isabela | work =Galapagos Conservancy: Conservation: Project Areas | publisher =Galapagos Conservancy | url =http://www.galapagos.org/conservation/project-isabela/ | accessdate = June 16, 2013}}
17. ^{{Cite web|title = Wolf volcano erupts on Galapagos island - BBC News|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32882500|accessdate = 2015-05-27}}
18. ^{{Cite web|title = Volcano Erupts in Galapagos Islands, Home to Unique Pink Iguanas|url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/volcano-erupts-in-galapagos-islands-home-to-unique-pink-iguanas1|accessdate = 2015-05-27}}
19. ^{{Cite web|title = Ministerio del Ambiente evalúa erupción del volcán Wolf|url = http://www.galapagos.gob.ec/?p=6096|website = Parque Nacional Galápagos|accessdate = 2015-05-27|first = Parque|last = Galápagos|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150527062707/http://www.galapagos.gob.ec/?p=6096|archive-date = 2015-05-27|dead-url = yes|df = }}
20. ^June 11, 2015 NASA photograph
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External links

  • Wolf Volcano at NASA Earth Observatory
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wolf}}

4 : Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands|Active volcanoes|Shield volcanoes of Ecuador|Polygenetic shield volcanoes
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