词条 | VTVL |
释义 |
Vertical takeoff, vertical landing (VTVL) is a form of takeoff and landing for rockets. Multiple VTVL craft have flown. VTVL technologies were developed substantially with small rockets after 2000, in part due to incentive prize competitions like the Lunar Lander Challenge. Successful small VTVL rockets were developed by Masten Space Systems, Armadillo Aerospace, and others. By the early 2010s, VTVL was under intense development as a technology for reusable rockets large enough to transport people, with two companies, Blue Origin (New Shepard) and SpaceX (Falcon 9), both having demonstrated recovery of launch vehicles after return to the launch site (RTLS) operations, with Blue Origin's New Shepard booster rocket making the first successful vertical landing on November 23, 2015 following a test flight that reached outer space, and SpaceX's Falcon 9 flight 20 marking the first landing of a commercial orbital booster roughly a month later, on December 22, 2015. VTVL rockets are not to be confused with aircraft which take off and land vertically which use the air for support and propulsion, such as helicopters and jump jets which are VTOL aircraft. History{{Proseline|section|date=August 2017}}
Vertical landing TechnologyThe technology required to successfully achieve retropropulsive landings—the vertical landing or "VL" addition to the standard vertical takeoff (VT) technology of the early decades of human spaceflight—has several parts. First, thrust must be greater than weight, second the thrust is normally required to be vectored and requires some degree of throttling. Guidance must be capable of calculating the position and altitude of the vehicle, small deviations from the vertical can cause large deviations of the vehicles horizontal position. RCS systems are usually required to keep the vehicle at the correct angle. Landing legs and deployment mechanisms add to the weight of the vehicle compared to expendable vehicles, which can reduce performance. It can also be necessary to be able to ignite engines in a variety of conditions potentially including vacuum, hypersonic, supersonic, transonic, and subsonic.[26] Elon Musk has discussed the potential for substantial reductions in space flight costs as a result of being able to reuse rockets after successful VTVL landings.[27] SpaceX also use grid fins for attitude control during landing of their Falcon 9 boosters. Popular cultureVertical landing of spaceships was the predominant mode of rocket landing envisioned in the pre-spaceflight era. Many science fiction authors as well as depictions in popular culture showed rockets landing vertically, typically resting after landing on the space vehicle's fins. This view was sufficiently ingrained in popular culture that in 1993, following a successful low-altitude test flight of a prototype rocket, a writer opined: "The DC-X launched vertically, hovered in mid-air ... The spacecraft stopped mid-air again and, as the engines throttled back, began its successful vertical landing. Just like Buck Rogers."[28] In the 2010s, SpaceX rockets have likewise seen the appellation to this popular culture notion of Buck Rogers in a "Quest to Create a 'Buck Rogers' Reusable Rocket."[29][30] See also
References1. ^American Rocketman Rocket Belt History 2. ^{{cite web|last=Wade|first=Mark|title=OOST|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/oost.htm|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|accessdate=2011-10-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010203856/http://astronautix.com/lvs/oost.htm|archivedate=2011-10-10|df=}} 3. ^{{cite news |last=Zak|first=Anatoly |title=Russia mulls rocket power 'first' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8024590.stm |accessdate=2011-10-11 |newspaper=BBC News |date=2009-04-29 |quote=RKK Energia, ... in the 1980s ... worked on a highly classified project to develop a large manned capsule, called Zarya ("Dawn"), for a wide range of civilian and military missions.}} 4. ^Klerkx, Greg: Lost in Space: The Fall of NASA and the Dream of a New Space Age, page 104. Secker & Warburg, 2004 5. ^{{cite web|last=X Prize Foundation|title=2009 Northrop Grumman Lunar Lander X CHALLENGE|url=http://space.xprize.org/lunar-lander-challenge|publisher=X Prize Foundation|accessdate=October 1, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029021329/http://space.xprize.org/lunar-lander-challenge|archivedate=October 29, 2012|df=}} 6. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.spacex.com/updates.php | title = Dragon Drop Test – August 20, 2010 | publisher = Spacex.com | date = 2010-08-20 | accessdate = 2010-12-14 }} 7. ^{{update after|2014|6|9}}{{cite web |title=sRLV platforms compared |url=https://c3.ndc.nasa.gov/flightopportunities/platforms/compare/ |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2011-03-10 |date=2011-03-07 |quote=New Shepard which was made by the "Blue Origin"(founded by Jeff Bezos): Type: VTVL/Unpiloted ... Super Mod: Type: VTVL/Unpiloted ... Xaero: Type: VTVL/Unpiloted}} 8. ^{{cite web|last=Bibby|first=Joe|title=Project Morpheus|url=http://morpheuslander.jsc.nasa.gov/about|publisher=NASA|accessdate=October 1, 2012}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=NASA's 'Mighty Eagle' Robotic Prototype Lander Flies Again at Marshall|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/lunarquest/robotic/12-085.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=August 14, 2012}} 10. ^{{cite news |title=Elon Musk says SpaceX will attempt to develop fully reusable space launch vehicle |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/elon-musk-says-spacex-will-attempt-to-develop-fully-reusable-space-launch-vehicle/2011/09/29/gIQAnN9E8K_story.html |accessdate=2011-10-11 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=2011-09-29 |quote=Both of the rocket’s stages would return to the launch site and touch down vertically, under rocket power, on landing gear after delivering a spacecraft to orbit. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001052541/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/elon-musk-says-spacex-will-attempt-to-develop-fully-reusable-space-launch-vehicle/2011/09/29/gIQAnN9E8K_story.html |archivedate=2011-10-01 |df= }} 11. ^{{cite news |last=Wall|first=Mike |title=SpaceX Unveils Plan for World's First Fully Reusable Rocket |url=http://www.space.com/13140-spacex-private-reusable-rocket-elon-musk.html |accessdate=2011-10-11 |newspaper=SPACE.com |date=2011-09-30}} 12. ^{{cite news |title=Reusable rocket prototype almost ready for first liftoff |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1207/10grasshopper/ |accessdate=2012-07-13 |newspaper=Spaceflight Now |date=2012-07-09 |quote=SpaceX has constructed a half-acre concrete launch facility in McGregor, and the Grasshopper rocket is already standing on the pad, outfitted with four insect-like silver landing legs.}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20130310 |title=Grasshopper Completes Highest Leap to Date |date=10 March 2013 |publisher=SpaceX.com |accessdate=11 March 2013 }} 14. ^ The Grasshopper prototype test vehicle has been retired.{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/SpaceX/posts/10153372146765131 |title= Grasshopper flies to its highest height to date |publisher=SpaceX |work=Social media information release |date=12 October 2013 |accessdate=14 October 2013 |quote=WATCH: Grasshopper flies to its highest height to date - 744 m (2441 ft) into the Texas sky. http://youtu.be/9ZDkItO-0a4 This was the last scheduled test for the Grasshopper rig; next up will be low altitude tests of the Falcon 9 Reusable (F9R) development vehicle in Texas followed by high altitude testing in New Mexico. }} 15. ^{{cite news |last=Norris|first=Guy |title=SpaceX Plans For Multiple Reusable Booster Tests: Controlled water landing marks a major stride toward SpaceX’s Falcon rapid-reusability goal |url=http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-plans-multiple-reusable-booster-tests |accessdate=2014-04-26 |newspaper=Aviation Week |date=2014-04-28 |quote=The April 17 F9R Dev 1 flight, which lasted under 1 min., was the first vertical landing test of a production-representative recoverable Falcon 9 v1.1 first stage, while the April 18 cargo flight to the ISS was the first opportunity for SpaceX to evaluate the design of foldable landing legs and upgraded thrusters that control the stage during its initial descent.}} 16. ^{{cite web |last1=James|first1=Michael| last2 = Salton| first2 = Alexandria| last3 = Downing| first3 = Micah | title = Draft Environmental Assessment for Issuing an Experimental Permit to SpaceX for Operation of the Dragon Fly Vehicle at the McGregor Test Site, Texas, May 2014 – Appendices |publisher = Blue Ridge Research and Consulting, LCC |pages=12 |date=November 12, 2013 |url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/20140513_DragonFly_DraftEA_Appendices%28reduced%29.pdf }} 17. ^[https://www.blueorigin.com/news/news/blue-origin-makes-historic-rocket-landing "Blue Origin make historic rocket landing."] Blue Origin, November 24, 2015. Retrieved: November 24, 2015. 18. ^[https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/679114269485436928] 19. ^{{cite tweet|user=SpaceX|author=SpaceX|number=718561436201431040|date=8 April 2016|title=Landing from the chase plane}} 20. ^https://gbtimes.com/chinese-space-company-linkspace-takes-step-towards-resuable-rocket-with-landing-test 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/2018/2/6/16971200/spacex-falcon-heavy-launch-success-roadster-orbit-elon-musk|last=Grush|first=Loren|title=SpaceX launches its powerful Falcon Heavy rocket for the first time|publisher=The Verge|date=February 6, 2018|accessdate=February 9, 2018}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/isro-focuses-on-vertical-landing-capability/articleshow/67262964.cms|title=Isro focuses on vertical landing capability - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-28}} 23. ^ {{cite news |last=Ralph|first=Eric |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-elon-musk-starship-prototype-three-raptors-mirror-finish/ |title=SpaceX CEO Elon Musk: Starship prototype to have 3 Raptors and “mirror finish” |work=Teslarati |date=24 December 2018 |accessdate=24 December 2018 }} 24. ^{{cite news |last=Foust|first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/musk-teases-new-details-about-redesigned-next-generation-launch-system/ |title=Musk teases new details about redesigned next-generation launch system |work=SpaceNews |date=24 December 2018 |accessdate=25 December 2018 }} 25. ^ {{cite news |last=Murphy|first=Mike |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/elon-musk-shows-off-spacexs-massive-starship-test-rocket-2019-01-10 |title=Elon Musk shows off SpaceX’s massive Starship test rocket |work=MarketWatch |date=10 January 2019 |accessdate=12 January 2019 }} 26. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/rockets/musk-spacex-now-has-all-the-pieces-for-reusable-rockets-15985616 |title=Musk: SpaceX Now Has "All the Pieces" For Truly Reusable Rockets |work=Popular Mechanics |last=Belfiore |first=Michael |date=September 30, 2013 |accessdate=October 17, 2013}} 27. ^"Reusable rockets cheaper." ZME Science, August 20, 2015. Retrieved: November 24, 2015. 28. ^{{cite web |title=Restoration Center Open House Highlights |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/content.php?id=313 |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History |accessdate=2014-03-24 |date=2013-02-12 |quote=The DC-X launched vertically, hovered in mid-air at 150 feet, and began to move sideways at a dogtrot. After traveling 350 feet, the onboard global-positioning satellite unit indicated that the DC-X was directly over its landing point. The spacecraft stopped mid-air again and, as the engines throttled back, began its successful vertical landing. Just like Buck Rogers.}} 29. ^{{cite news|title=SpaceX Continues its Quest to Create a "Buck Rogers" Reusable Rocket|url=http://www.21stcentech.com/headlines-21st-century-tech-march-15-2013/|accessdate=2014-03-24|newspaper=21st Century Tech|date=2013-03-15}} 30. ^{{cite AV media |people=Elon Musk, Scott Pelley |date=2014-03-30 |title=Tesla and SpaceX: Elon Musk's industrial empire |medium=video and transcript |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tesla-and-spacex-elon-musks-industrial-empire/ |accessdate=2014-03-31 |format= |time=03:50–04:10 |publisher=CBS |id= |quote=Only four entities have launched a space capsule into orbit and successfully brought it back: the United States, Russia, China, and Elon Musk. This Buck Rogers dream started years ago... }} 31. ^{{cite web |last=Anderson|first=Erik |title=Kankoh-maru Flight Manual |url=http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/kankoh_maru_flight_manual.shtml |publisher=Space Future |date=July 1997 |accessdate=2012-08-04}} External links{{Wiktionary|VTVL}}{{commonscat|VTVL}}
2 : Types of take-off and landing|VTVL rockets |
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