| 词条 | Wadaad writing | ||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HistoryThe Arabic script was introduced to Somalia in the 13th century by Sheikh Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn (colloquially referred to as Aw Barkhadle or the "Blessed Father"[5]),[6] a man described as "the most outstanding saint in northern Somalia."[7] Of Somali descent, he sought to advance the teaching of the Qur'an.[6] Al-Kawneyn devised a Somali nomenclature for the Arabic vowels, which enabled his pupils to read and write in Arabic.[8] Shiekh Abi-Bakr Al Alawi, a Harari historian, states in his book that Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn was of native and local Dir (clan) extraction.[9] Though various Somali wadaads and scholars had used the Arabic script to write in Somali for centuries, it would not be until the 19th century when the Qadiriyyah saint Sheikh Uways al-Barawi of the Tuuni clan would improve the application of the Arabic script to represent Somali. He applied it to the Maay dialect of southern Somalia, which at the time was the closest to standardizing Somali with the Arabic script. Al-Barawi modeled his alphabet after the Arabic transcription adopted by the Amrani of Barawa (Brava) to write their Swahili dialect, Bravanese.[10][11] Wadaad writing was often unintelligible to Somali pupils who learned standard Arabic in government-run schools.[12] During the 1930s in the northwestern British Somaliland protectorate, Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil attempted to standardize the orthography in his book The Institution of Modern Correspondence in the Somali language. Following in the footsteps of Sh. Ibraahim 'Abdallah Mayal, Makaahiil therein championed the use of the Arabic script for writing Somali, showing examples of this usage through proverbs, letters and sentences.[10]Revision by J. S. KingIn 1887, British writer, J. S. King wrote for the Indian Antiquary an article titled "Somali as a written language" in which he proposes a standard Arabic based Somali script.[13] Some of the main changes and features were the combined use of both Arabic and Sanskrit features:
King had also reformed the vowel structure, by introducing separate vowel markers for the Somali ' In this article, he provided over 100 examples of the script in use, some of which include:
Galaal ScriptIn the 1954, the Somali linguist Musa Haji Ismail Galal (1917–1980) introduced a more radical alteration of Arabic to represent the Somali Language. Galal came up with an entirely new set of symbols for the Somali vowels. Lewis (1958) considered this to be the most accurate Arabic alphabet to have been devised for the Somali language.[2] He had published his work in the Islamic Quarterly, outlining and providing examples as to why a new Arabic based script was needed for use in Somaliland.[14] This was different from other versions as every vowel and consonant was written, lowering the use diacritics. See also
Notes1. ^1 {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|year=1999|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=3825830845|page=175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC}} 2. ^1 2 Lewis, p.139-140 3. ^Lewis, p.136 4. ^1 Singh, p.59 5. ^Abdullahi, p.13 6. ^1 Lewis, p.135 7. ^{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|publisher=The Red Sea Press|year=1998|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&pg=PA89|isbn=978-1-56902-103-3}} 8. ^Laitin, p.85 9. ^{{cite book |last=Quath |first=Faati |date=1957|title=Islam Walbaasha Cabra Taarikh|trans-title=Islam and Abyssinia throughout history |language=arabic|location=Cairo,Egypt|}} 10. ^1 Lewis, p.139 11. ^Martin, p.163 12. ^Lewis, p.137 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/2574/1/Somali%20as%20a%20written%20language.pdf|title=Somali as a written language|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/5660/1/Arabic%20script%20for%20Somali_Muuse%20H.I.%20Galaal.pdf|title=Arabic Script for Somali - Muuse Galaal|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} References{{refbegin}}
| last = Abdullahi | first = Mohamed Diriye | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Culture and customs of Somalia | publisher = Greenwood | year = 2001 | location = | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/?id=2Nu918tYMB8C | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-313-31333-2}}
| last = David D. | first = Laitin | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Politics, language, and thought: the Somali experience | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1977 | location = | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/?id=LR8A4tEYZUAC | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-226-46791-0}}
| last = Lewis | first = I.M | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Gadabuursi Somali Script | journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | volume = 21 | issue = | pages = 134–56 | publisher = SOAS | location = | year = 1958 | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/15957443/The-Gadabursi-Somali-Script | doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00063278 | id = | accessdate = 2009-09-04}}
| last = B. G. | first = Martin | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2003 | location = | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/?id=o0XhcUWa1_4C | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-521-53451-8}}
| last = Nagendra Kr. | first = Singh | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties, Volume 43 | publisher = Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. | year = 2002 | location = | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/?id=FKD39Cbmdh0C | doi = | id = | isbn = 81-261-0403-1}}{{refend}}{{Arabic alphabets}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadaad's Writing}} 4 : Writing systems of Africa|Arabic alphabets|Somali language|Somali orthography |
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