“Wadge hierarchy”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Wadge hierarchy

释义

Wadge degrees
Wadge and Lipschitz games
Structure of the Wadge hierarchy
Other notions of degree
See also
References
Further reading

In descriptive set theory, Wadge degrees are levels of complexity for sets of reals. Sets are compared by continuous reductions. The Wadge hierarchy is the structure of Wadge degrees.

Wadge degrees

Suppose and are subsets of Baire space ω^ω. is Wadge reducible to or ≤_W if there is a continuous function on ω^ω with . The Wadge order is the preorder or quasiorder on the subsets of Baire space. Equivalence classes of sets under this preorder are called Wadge degrees, the degree of a set is denoted by []_W. The set of Wadge degrees ordered by the Wadge order is called the Wadge hierarchy.

Properties of Wadge degrees include their consistency with measures of complexity stated in terms of definability. For example, if ≤_W and is a countable intersection of open sets, then so is . The same works for all levels of the Borel hierarchy and the difference hierarchy. The Wadge hierarchy plays an important role in models of the axiom of determinacy. Further interest in Wadge degrees comes from computer science, where some papers have suggested Wadge degrees are relevant to algorithmic complexity.

Wadge and Lipschitz games

The Wadge game is a simple infinite game discovered by William Wadge (pronounced "wage"). It is used to investigate the notion of continuous reduction for subsets of Baire space. Wadge had analyzed the structure of the Wadge hierarchy for Baire space with games by 1972, but published these results only much later in his PhD thesis. In the Wadge game , player I and player II each in turn play integers which may depend on those played before. The outcome of the game is determined by checking whether the sequences x and y generated by players I and II are contained in the sets A and B, respectively. Player II wins if the outcome is the same for both players, i.e. is in if and only if is in . Player I wins if the outcome is different. Sometimes this is also called the Lipschitz game, and the variant where player II has the option to pass (but has to play infinitely often) is called the Wadge game.

Suppose for a moment that the game is determined. If player I has a winning strategy, then this defines a continuous (even Lipschitz) map reducing to the complement of , and if on the other hand player II has a winning strategy then you have a reduction of to . For example, suppose that player II has a winning strategy. Map every sequence x to the sequence y that player II plays in if player I plays the sequence x, where player II follows his or her winning strategy. This defines a is a continuous map f with the property that x is in if and only if f(x) is in .

Wadge's lemma states that under the axiom of determinacy (AD), for any two subsets of Baire space, ≤_W or ≤_W ω^ω–. The assertion that the Wadge lemma holds for sets in Γ is the semilinear ordering principle for Γ or SLO(Γ). Any {{visible anchor|semilinear order}} defines a linear order on the equivalence classes modulo complements. Wadge's lemma can be applied locally to any pointclass Γ, for example the Borel sets, Δ¹_n sets, Σ¹_n sets, or Π¹_n sets. It follows from determinacy of differences of sets in Γ. Since Borel determinacy is proved in ZFC, ZFC implies Wadge's lemma for Borel sets.

Structure of the Wadge hierarchy

Martin and Monk proved in 1973 that AD implies the Wadge order for Baire space is well founded. Hence under AD, the Wadge classes modulo complements form a wellorder. The Wadge rank of a set is the order type of the set of Wadge degrees modulo complements strictly below []_W. The length of the Wadge hierarchy has been shown to be Θ. Wadge also proved that the length of the Wadge hierarchy restricted to the Borel sets is φ_ω₁(1) (or φ_ω₁(2) depending on the notation), where φ_γ is the γ^th Veblen function to the base ω₁ (instead of the usual ω).

As for the Wadge lemma, this holds for any pointclass Γ, assuming the axiom of determinacy. If we associate with each set the collection of all sets strictly below on the Wadge hierarchy, this forms a pointclass. Equivalently, for each ordinal α≤θ the collection W_α of sets which show up before stage α is a pointclass. Conversely, every pointclass is equal to some _α. A pointclass is said to be self-dual if it is closed under complementation. It can be shown that W_α is self-dual if and only if α is either 0, an even successor ordinal, or a limit ordinal of countable cofinality.

Other notions of degree

Similar notions of reduction and degree arise by replacing the continuous functions by any class of functions F which contains the identity function and is closed under composition. Write ≤_F if for some function in F. Any such class of functions again determines a preorder on the subsets of Baire space. Degrees given by Lipschitz functions are called Lipschitz degrees, and degrees from Borel functions Borel-Wadge degrees.

References

{{cite book | editor1= Alexander S. Kechris | editor2= Benedikt Löwe |editor3= John R. Steel| title=Wadge Degrees and Projective Ordinals: The Cabal Seminar Volume II | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Lecture Notes in Logic |isbn=9781139504249}}
{{cite conference |author= Andretta, Alessandro |contribution=The SLO principle and the Wadge hierarchy |editor-last = Bold |date=2005 |editor-first =Stefan |editor2-last =Benedikt Löwe |editor3-last=Räsch |editor3-first=Thoralf |editor4-last=van Benthem |editor4-first=Johan| display-editors = 3 |title=Infinite Games, Papers of the conference "Foundations of the Formal Sciences V" held in Bonn, Nov 26-29, 2004}}, in preparation
{{cite book |author=Kanamori, Akihiro|title=The Higher Infinite, second edition|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=3-540-00384-3}}
{{cite book | author=Kechris, Alexander S. | title=Classical Descriptive Set Theory | publisher=Springer | year=1995 |isbn=0-387-94374-9}}
{{cite journal |author = Wadge, William W. |title = Reducibility and determinateness on the Baire space |version = PhD thesis |publisher = Univ. of California, Berkeley |date=1983}}

Wadge degrees

Wadge and Lipschitz games

Structure of the Wadge hierarchy

Other notions of degree

See also

References

Further reading