| 词条 | Franklin Gothic |
| 释义 |
| name = | image = FranklinGothicSP.svg | style = Sans-serif | classifications = Grotesque | date = 1902 | releasedate = 1902–1967 | creator = Morris Fuller Benton | commissioned_by = | foundry = American Type Founders | foundries = | cold_type_producers = Alphatype, Autologic, Berthold, Compugraphic, Dymo, Star/Photon, Graphic Systems Inc., Mergenthaler, MGD Graphic Systems, Varityper | digital “foundries” = Adobe, International Typeface Corporation, Monotype Imaging, URW | trademark = | based_on = | aka = Gothic #1, Square Gothic Heavy, Gothic #16 | variations = | sample = | shown_here = | sample_fullimage = }} Franklin Gothic and its related faces are a large family of realist sans-serif typefaces developed by the type foundry American Type Founders (ATF) and credited to its head designer Morris Fuller Benton.[1] “Gothic” was a contemporary term (now little-used except to describe period designs) meaning sans-serif. Franklin Gothic has been used in many advertisements and headlines in newspapers. The typeface continues to maintain a high profile, appearing in a variety of media from books to billboards. Despite a period of eclipse in the 1930s, after the introduction of European faces like Kabel and Futura, they were re-discovered by American designers in the 1940s and have remained popular ever since. Benton's Franklin Gothic family is a set of solid designs, particularly suitable for display and trade use such as headlines rather than for extended text. Many versions and adaptations have been made since. Probably the best-known extension of Franklin Gothic is Victor Caruso's 1970s ITC Franklin Gothic, which expands the series to include book weights similar to Benton's News Gothic in a high x-height 1970s style. It is in part bundled with Microsoft Windows.[2][3] HistoryFranklin Gothic itself is an extra-bold sans-serif type. It draws upon earlier, nineteenth century models, from many of the twenty-three foundries consolidated into American Type Founders in 1892. Historian Alexander Lawson speculated that Franklin Gothic was influenced by Berthold’s Akzidenz-Grotesk types but offered no evidence to support this theory[4] which was later presented as fact by Philip Meggs and Rob Carter.[5] It was named in honor of a prolific American printer, Benjamin Franklin. The faces were issued over a period of ten years, all of which were designed by Benton and issued by A.T.F.[6]
Many years later, the foundry again expanded the line, adding two more variants:
It can be distinguished from other sans serif typefaces by its more traditional double-storey a and especially g (double-storey gs, common in serif fonts are rare in sans-serif fonts following German models but were quite common in American and British designs of the period), the tail of the Q and the ear of the g. The tail of the Q curls down from the bottom center of the letterform in the book weight and shifts slightly to the right in the bolder fonts. Hot metal copiesBarnhart Brothers & Spindler copied the face as Gothic #1, while both Linotype and Intertype, called their copies Gothic #16. Monotype’s copy kept the name Franklin Gothic, but because of the demands of mechanical composition, their version was modified to fit a standard arrangement. The Ludlow version was known as Square Gothic Heavy.[7]Cold type copiesDue to the post-war popularity of Gothic faces, most producers of cold type offered their own versions of Franklin Gothic. These included:[8]
Digital copiesDigital copies have been made by Adobe, International Typeface Corporation, Monotype Imaging, and URW. Victor Caruso drew a multi-weight family for the International Typeface Corporation (ITC) in 1979 and in 1991, ITC commissioned the Font Bureau in Boston to create condensed, compressed and extra compressed versions of ITC Franklin Gothic. Bitstream’s version is called Gothic 744. Microsoft Windows has distributed "Franklin Gothic Medium," one of ITC's variants of the font, in all copies since at least Windows 95. While ITC Franklin Gothic is the most common release, it has been criticised for modifying the structure of the family considerably. Calligrapher and design historian Paul Shaw argued that it was a failure for "mucking about with the distinctive Franklin Gothic g. In ITC Franklin Gothic...the ear on the g keeps popping up like a schoolchild overly eager to answer a question."[9] {{Clear}}Alternate Gothic| name = Alternate Gothic Nos. 1,2,3 | image = Alternate_Gothic.svg | style = Sans-serif | classifications = realist | date = 1903 | releasedate = 1903 | creator = Morris Fuller Benton | commissioned_by = | foundry = American Type Founders | foundries = Monotype | cold_type_producers = | digital “foundries” = | trademark = | based_on = Franklin Gothic | aka = Gothic Condensed (Linotype + Intertype + Ludlow) | variations = | sample = | shown_here = | sample_fullimage = }} Alternate Gothic was designed by M.F. Benton for A.T.F. in 1903. It is essentially a moderately bold condensed version of Franklin Gothic, made in three numbered widths. No.1 is the most condensed, 3 the least. Hot metal copiesThis face was copied by Monotype under the same name, #1 by Ludlow, Linotype and Intertype as Gothic Condensed. Ludlow’s Trade Gothic Condensed is very similar as well. Two variants were made:
Cold type copiesAlternate Gothic was copied by Compugraphic as Alpin Gothic.[11]Digital copiesDigital copies have been made by URW, Elsner+Flake, and Monotype as CG Alternate Gothic #3. Micah Rich and several contributors of The League of Moveable Type have made a popular OFL-licensed version of Alternate Gothic #1, League Gothic.[12] Open source versionsLeague Gothic is a condensed sans-serif typeface released by The League of Moveable Type. The design of League Gothic was based on Alternate Gothic, a typeface originally designed by Morris Fuller Benton in 1903. Both No. 1 and No. 2 are available, each in a single semi-bold weight. Oswald, by Vernon Adams, is a screen-optimized adaptation of Alternate Gothic No. 2, with three weights. Both Oswald and League Gothic are licensed under the SIL Open Font License. {{Clear}}Monotone Gothic| name = Monotone Gothic | image = | style = Sans-serif | classifications = realist | date = 1907 | releasedate = 1907 | creator = Morris Fuller Benton | commissioned_by = | foundry = American Type Founders | foundries = | cold_type_producers = | digital “foundries” = | trademark = | based_on = Franklin Gothic | aka = | variations = | sample = | shown_here = | sample_fullimage = }}Monotone Gothic was designed by M.F. Benton for A.T.F. in 1907. It is essentially a lighter, more extended version of Franklin Gothic. Only one weight was made and it was apparently never copied under that name by any other foundry. Digital versions of Franklin Gothic Light Extended are essentially knock-offs of this face.[13]{{Clear}} News Gothic| name = News Gothic | image = NGsp4.svg | style = Sans-serif | classifications = realist | date = 1908 | releasedate = 1908 | creator = Morris Fuller Benton | commissioned_by = | foundry = American Type Founders | foundries = | cold_type_producers = | digital “foundries” = | trademark = | based_on = Franklin Gothic | aka = Trade Gothic (Linotype), Record Gothic (Ludlow), Balto Gothic, (Baltimore Type & Composition Company) | variations = | sample = | shown_here = | sample_fullimage = }}{{Main|News Gothic}}News Gothic was designed by M.F. Benton for A.T.F. in 1908 as a continuing effort to consolidate and systematize the 19th-century Gothic faces inherited from the company’s predecessors. It is essentially a medium weight companion to Franklin Gothic.
As with Franklin Gothic, the foundry expanded the line sometime later, adding two more variants:
Particularly extensive designs in the same style were Trade Gothic from Linotype and Record Gothic by Ludlow.[14] [15] Benton Sans is a notable, and extremely comprehensive, modern revival.[16][17]Lightline Gothic{{Infobox font| name = Lightline Gothic | image = | style = Sans-serif | classifications = realist | date = 1908 | releasedate = 1908 | creator = Morris Fuller Benton | commissioned_by = | foundry = American Type Founders | foundries = | cold_type_producers = | digital “foundries” = | trademark = | based_on = | aka = | variations = | sample = | shown_here = | sample_fullimage = }} Lightline Gothic was designed by M.F. Benton for A.T.F. in 1908 as a lighter version of News Gothic, which makes it an ultra-light version of Franklin Gothic. Only one weight was made and it was apparently never copied under that name by any other foundry. Digital versions of Franklin Gothic Ultra-Light are essentially knock-offs of this face. Hot metal variantsIn 1921, M.F. Benton had the capitals of this face cast in different sizes on identical bodies, thus creating, ex nihilo, a lining Gothic which was sold under the name Lightline Title Gothic[18] Usage{{refimprove section| date=June 2009}}
References{{Commons category|Franklin Gothic}}1. ^{{cite web|last1=Shen|first1=Juliet|title=Searching for Morris Fuller Benton|url=http://typeculture.com/academic-resource/articles-essays/searching-for-morris-fuller-benton/|website=Type Culture|accessdate=11 April 2017}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=ITC Franklin Gothic|url=https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/itc/franklin-gothic/|website=MyFonts|accessdate=27 December 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Franklin Gothic|url=https://www.microsoft.com/typography/fonts/family.aspx?FID=184|website=Microsoft|accessdate=27 December 2017}} 4. ^Lawson, Alexander S., Anatomy of a Typeface, Godine, Boston, 1990, {{ISBN|978-0-87923-333-4}}, pp. 295–307. 5. ^Meggs, Philip and Carter, Rob, Typographic Specimens: The Great Typefaces, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1993, {{ISBN|0-442-00758-2}}, pp. 151. 6. ^MacGrew, Mac, "American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century," Oak Knoll Books, New Castle Delaware, 1993, {{ISBN|0-938768-34-4}}, pp. 142 - 143. 7. ^MacGrew, "American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century," pp. 142 - 143. 8. ^Lawson, Alexander, Archie Provan, and Frank Romano, "Primer Metal Typeface Identification," National Composition Association, Arlington, Virginia, 1976, pp. 34 - 35. 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Shaw|first1=Paul|title=Flawed Typefaces|url=http://www.printmag.com/featured/flawed-typefaces/|website=Print magazine|accessdate=2 July 2015}} 10. ^MacGrew, "American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century," pp. 10 - 11. 11. ^Wheatley, W.F., "Typeface Analogue," National Composition Association, Arlington, Virginia, 1988, p. 5. 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theleagueofmoveabletype.com/league-gothic|title=League Gothic - The League of Moveable Type|publisher=}} 13. ^MacGrew, "American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century," pp. 222 - 223. 14. ^MacGrew, "American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century," pp. 264 - 267. 15. ^{{cite web|last1=Coles|first1=Stephen|title=Record Gothic: fictional samples|url=http://fontsinuse.com/uses/9906/record-gothic-fictional-in-use-samples|website=Fonts in Use|accessdate=29 August 2015}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Benton Sans|url=http://www.fontbureau.com/fonts/bentonsans/|publisher=Font Bureau|accessdate=29 August 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Benton Gothic|url=http://fontsinuse.com/typefaces/106/benton-sans|website=Fonts in Use|accessdate=29 August 2015}} 18. ^MacGrew, "American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century," pp. 200 - 201. 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/web.communications/standards/identity.html |title=Web Communication Standards: Core Identity Elements |date= |month= |year= |website= |series= |publisher=New York University |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |trans-title=|type= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820185114/http://www.nyu.edu/web.communications/standards/identity.html |archivedate=20 August 2009 |deadurl= |accessdate= |quote= |ref= |separator= |postscript= |subscription= |registration=}} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.starwars.com/episode-i/bts/production/news19990302.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-08-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608093927/http://www.starwars.com/episode-i/bts/production/news19990302.html |archivedate=2010-06-08 |df= }} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.starwars.com/episode-iii/bts/production/f20050126/index.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-08-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413022801/http://www.starwars.com/episode-iii/bts/production/f20050126/index.html |archivedate=2011-04-13 |df= }} 22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.colum.edu/Administrative_offices/CPS/Identity/wordmark/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311063056/http://www.colum.edu/Administrative_offices/CPS/Identity/wordmark/ |archivedate=2013-03-11 |df= }} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/about/2015/clothing-and-equipment-regulations/170/-player-identification|title=IPLT20.com - Clothing And Equipment Regulations|work=IPLT20}} 24. ^{{cite web|title=Sungai Gadut KTM signboard|url=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-I44efb32NaM/TdPMMtE3q7I/AAAAAAAAF2A/hU_DJ2R7L5o/s1600/_MG_8072.JPG|accessdate=21 April 2017}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Sungai Buloh KTM/MRT signboard|url=https://pictures-my.ippstatic.com/realtors/images/640/8527/8317392aa1a14f75831664c0456758cd.JPG|accessdate=21 April 2017}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=Putra Heights LRT signboard|url=http://www.permatacintaku.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/laluan-lrt-ke-klcc.jpeg|accessdate=21 April 2017}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=Masjid Jamek LRT signboard|url=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iciEBGlqfiE/U2l-R8msOhI/AAAAAAAAEcQ/UADaXw5AqSg/s1600/IMG-20140426-00559.jpg|accessdate=21 April 2017}} 28. ^{{cite web |title=Cochrane MRT station sign |url=http://www.timothytye.com/pics/malaysia/cochrane-mrt-station-1.jpg |website=TimothyTye.com |accessdate=7 July 2018}}
External links
11 : American Type Founders typefaces|Grotesque sans-serif typefaces|American gothic typefaces|Newspaper and magazine typefaces|Letterpress typefaces|Photocomposition typefaces|Digital typefaces|Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1902|Display typefaces|Typefaces designed by Morris Fuller Benton|International Typeface Corporation typefaces |
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