词条 | Walashma dynasty | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The Walashma dynasty was a medieval Muslim dynasty of the Horn of Africa. Founded in 1285, it was centered in Zeila, and established bases around the Horn of Africa. It governed the Ifat and Adal Sultanates in what are present-day northern Somalia, Djibouti and eastern Ethiopia.[1] Origins and establishmentYusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn is believed to be the founder and ancestor of the Walashma Dynasty.[2][3] He is believed to be born in Zeila during the early Adal Kingdom period with which he is associated. He is a very famous Somali saint figure.[4] The establishment of the Walashma Dynasty in the Horn of Africa is credited to be from their native background.[5]Genealogical traditionsAccording to some, the Walashma princes of Ifat and Adal possessed Arab genealogical traditions.[6][7] In terms of lineage, Walashma traditions trace descent from Akīl ibn Abī Tālib, the brother of the Caliph ʿAlī and Djaʿfar ibn Abī Tālib. The latter was among the earliest Muslims to settle in the Horn region. However, the semi-legendary apologetic History of the Walasma asserts that ʿUmar ibn-Dunya-hawz had as a progenitor Caliph ʿAlī's son al-Hasan [6] with this genealogy being owed to their ancestor Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn.[8] This is supported by both Maqrizi and the chronicle of the Walashma, ʿUmar Walashma, whom both assert the founder of the dynasty, was of Quraysh or Hashimite origin.[7][9] However, the Walashma dynasty of Ifat is more commonly linked with the Sheikh Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn,[10][11] who is described as a native Somali man from Zeila.[12][13][14] Furthermore, in the book, "The History of Islam in Africa", the Sheikh aforementioned is known for establishing this dynasty. [15] Also, the Aw Barkhadle site is also known as an important burial site of the Muslim rulers of Awdal and the Walashma dynasty, Al-Kowneyn himself of the Walashma dynasty of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AD is buried in this town (and is known for establishing this royal dynasty.)[16] Although as do most Somali and other Muslim tribes in the Horn of Africa possess mythical Arab genealogies connected to Hashimite origin, Walashma was probably a local Somali origin.[17] LanguageAccording to Leo Africanus in the 16th century stated that the Walashma dynasty spoke Somali and were centred in Zeila.[18] The 19th century Ethiopian historian Asma Giyorgis suggests that the Walashma themselves spoke Arabic. He additionally describes the family as among the first Muslims to enter Abyssinia ("Habasha"), which he writes was originally inhabited by the Saba, Balaw, Kalaw and Noba.[19] Sultanate of Ifat{{main|Sultanate of Ifat}}Despite being described as a 'successor' to the Sultanate of Showa, the Sultanate of Ifat and Showa state were founded around the same time. ʿUmar DunyaHuz founded Ifat at Zeila in 1185, one of eight Sultanates that were established in the Horn of Africa during this period. The other sultanates were the aforementioned Showa along with the sultanates of Arbabni, Dawaro, Hadiya, Sharka, Bale and Dara). The original borders of the Sultanate of Ifat roughly correspond with the present-day Awdal region in northwestern Somalia. In 1278, the Walashma conquered the Sultanate of Showa. The dynasty later annexed the sultanate into Ifat in 1280, making Ifat the largest and most powerful of its peers. This annexation is usually attributed to ʿUmar, but he had been dead for 50 years by the time Showa was annexed. More likely, it was his grandson Jamal ad-Dīn or perhaps even his great-grandson Abūd. In 1332, the Zeila-based King of Adal was slain in a military campaign against the Abyssinian Emperor Amda Seyon's troops.[20] Amda Seyon then appointed Jamal ad-Din as the new King, followed by Jamal ad-Din's brother Nasr ad-Din.[21] Despite this setback, the Muslim rulers of Ifat continued their campaign. The Abyssinian Emperor branded the Muslims of the surrounding area "enemies of the Lord", and again invaded Ifat in the early 15th century. After much struggle, Ifat's troops were defeated and the Sultanate's ruler, King Sa'ad ad-Din II, fled to Zeila. He was pursued there by Abyssinian forces, where they slayed him.[22] Sultans of Ifat
Sultanate of Adal{{main|Adal Sultanate}}Islam was introduced to the Horn of Africa early on from the Arabian peninsula, shortly after the hijra. In the late 9th century, Al-Yaqubi wrote that Muslims were living along the northern Somali seaboard.[23] He also mentioned that the Adal kingdom had its capital in the city,[23][24] suggesting that the Adal Sultanate with Zeila as its headquarters dates back to at least the 9th or 10th century. According to I.M. Lewis, the polity was governed by local dynasties consisting of Somalized Arabs or Arabized Somalis, who also ruled over the similarly-established Sultanate of Mogadishu in the Benadir region to the south. Adal's history from this founding period forth would be characterized by a succession of battles with neighbouring Abyssinia.[24]After the last Sultan of Ifat, Sa'ad ad-Din II, was killed in Zeila in 1410, his children escaped to Yemen, before later returning in 1415.[25] In the early 15th century, Adal's capital was moved further inland to the town of Dakkar, where Sabr ad-Din II, the eldest son of Sa'ad ad-Din II, established a new base after his return from Yemen.[26][27] Adal's headquarters were again relocated the following century, this time to Harar. From this new capital, Adal organised an effective army led by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad "Gurey" or Ahmad "Gran") that invaded the Abyssinian empire.[27] This 16th century campaign is historically known as the Conquest of Abyssinia (Futuh al-Habash). During the war, Imam Ahmad pioneered the use of cannons supplied by the Ottoman Empire, which he imported through Zeila and deployed against Abyssinian forces and their Portuguese allies led by Cristóvão da Gama.[28] Some scholars argue that this conflict proved, through their use on both sides, the value of firearms like the matchlock musket, cannons and the arquebus over traditional weapons.[29] Sultans of Adal
Sultanate of Harar{{main|Sultanate of Harar}}In 1559, the Ethiopian General Hamalmal captured Harar and killed Sultan Barakat. The Walashma dynasty did not go extinct (there are still members alive today), but Amīr Nūr ibn Mujahid was chosen to succeed him. Nūr ibn Mujahid subsequently founded a new dynasty and sultanate in the same year, the Sultanate of Harar. See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|title=WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES|last=Jyee|first=Dr. Ravi|publisher=AFRO-ASIAN-AMERICAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, OCCUPATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ACCORD)|year=2016|isbn=|location=New Delhi, India|pages=360|quote=Founded in 1285 by the Walashma dynasty, it was centered in Zeila. Ifat established bases in Djibouti and northern Somalia, and from there expanded southward to the Ahmar Mountains.}} {{Medieval Horn of Africa}}{{Somalia topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Walashma dynasty}}2. ^{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|date=1998|publisher=The Red Sea Press|page=89}} 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Nehemia Levtzion|author2=Randall Pouwels|title=The History of Islam in Africa|date=Mar 31, 2000|publisher=Ohio University Press|pages=242|language=English|quote=Aw Barkhadle, is the founder and ancestor of the Walashma dynasty}} 4. ^Lewis, I.M. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&pg=PA89&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false "Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society"], The Red Sea Press, Retrieved on 22 September 2015. 5. ^{{Cite book|title=Effects of 16th Century Upheavals on the Horn|last=Riraash|first=Mohamed Abdullahi|publisher=Service D'Information Djibouti|year=|isbn=|location=Djibouti|pages=251|quote=We can attribute its success (The Walashma dynasty), longevity and influence, to the fact that the founders of the dynasty of Walasma were native of the area.}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|last=M. Elfasi|first=Ivan Hrbek|title=Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, General History of Africa, Volume 3|year=1988|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9231017098|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tw0Q0tg0QLoC&pg=PA582#v=onepage&q&f=false|pages=580–582}} 7. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kSgmwugWCGMC&pg=PA43&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP7_Xy9N7YAhXSyKQKHbQWAL8Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22maqrizi%20and%20the%20chronicle%22&f=false|title=Ethiopia: the Land, Its People, History and Culture|last=Mekonnen|first=Yohannes|date=2013-01-29|publisher=Yohannes Mekonnen|isbn=9781482311174|language=en}} 8. ^Lewis, I.M. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&pg=PA89&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false "Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society"], The Red Sea Press, Retrieved on 22 September 2015. 9. ^{{cite book|last=Tamrat|first=Taddesse|title=Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527|year=1972|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZNyAAAAMAAJ}} 10. ^Cerulli, Enrico (1926). Le popolazioni della Somalia nella tradizione storica locale. L'Accademia. Cerulli suggests that the Saint "Aw Barkhdale" (Yusuf Al Kownayn) can be associated with "Yusuf Barkatla", ancestor of Umar' Walashma, founder of the Ifat dynasty 11. ^Cerulli, Enrico (1926). Le popolazioni della Somalia nella tradizione storica locale. L'Accademia. Cerulli suggests that the Saint "Aw Barkhdale" (Yusuf Al Kownayn) can be associated with "Yusuf Barkatla", ancestor of Umar' Walashma, founder of the Ifat dynasty 12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BOn3ykfBN-0C&pg=PA377&lpg=PA377&dq&source=bl&ots=ouiXtx95l_&sig=nWC2yagw-PNDZR-6pvfwE3Xw8js&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-1ID9997YAhVBtxQKHZcdDecQ6AEISjAI#v=onepage&q=barkhadle&f=false|title=Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia|last=Østebø|first=Terje|date=2011-09-30|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004184783|language=en}} 13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&pg=PA89&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMuPOv-N7YAhUBr6QKHST6Ba0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=sharif%20barkhadle&f=false|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1998|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569021033|language=en}} 14. ^{{cite book|title=The Writing of the Somali Language: A Great Landmark in Our Revolutionary History|author1=Somalia|author2=Wasaaradda Warfaafinta iyo Hanuuninta Dadweynaha|date=1972|publisher=Ministry of Information and National Guidance|page=10|language=English|quote=Aw Barkhadle, he was a native, who lived in about 1,000 years ago and is buried now in a ruined town named after him, Aw Barkhadle, which is a few miles away from Hargeisa.|accessdate=23 December 2017}} 15. ^{{cite book|title=The History of Islam in Africa|author1=Nehemia Levtzion|author2=Randall Pouwels|date=Mar 31, 2000|publisher=Ohio University Press|pages=242|language=English|quote=Aw Barkhadle, is the founder and ancestor of the Walashma dynasty}} 16. ^{{cite book|title=Beiträge zur ethnographie und anthropologie der Somali, Galla und Harari|last1=Paulitschke|first1=P|date=1888|publisher=Leipzig}} 17. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA12&dq=walashama&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW-YSuytrTAhULIlAKHWKzBQQQ6AEIIzAA|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index|last=Meri|first=Josef W.|last2=Bacharach|first2=Jere L.|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415966917|language=en}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTd6QAAACAAJ&dq=Leo+Africanus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9pruhvqDaAhVIIMAKHZIlBPEQ6AEILTAB|title=A Geographical Historie of Africa|first=Leo|last=(Africanus)|date=6 April 1969|publisher=Theatrum Orbis Terrarum|accessdate=6 April 2018|via=Google Books}} 19. ^{{cite book|last=Giyorgis|first=Asma|title=Aṣma Giyorgis and his work: history of the Gāllā and the kingdom of Šawā|year=1999|publisher=Medical verlag|isbn=9783515037167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGcwAQAAIAAJ&q=walasma+language&dq=walasma+language&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2gnBT4-dI4Se6QH1w4CpCg&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBg=false|page=257}} 20. ^{{cite book|last=Houtsma|first=M. Th|title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936|year=1987|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004082654|pages=125–126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 21. ^The Glorious Victories, p. 107. 22. ^J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 74 and note explains the discrepancy in the sources. 23. ^1 {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25|year=1965|publisher=Americana Corporation|pages=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5LAAAAMAAJ}} 24. ^1 {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho|year=1955|publisher=International African Institute|pages=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ}} 25. ^{{cite journal | last =mbali | first =mbali | title =Somaliland | journal =Basic Reference | volume =28 | issue =2 | pages =217–229 | publisher =mbali | location =London, UK | year =2010 | url =http://www.mbali.info/doc328.htm | doi =10.1017/S0020743800063145 | accessdate =2012-04-27 | last2 =Dekmejian | first2 =R. Hrair | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20120423062326/http://www.mbali.info/doc328.htm | archivedate =2012-04-23 | df = }} 26. ^{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Bradt Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia|year=2012|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=1841623717|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 27. ^1 {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|year=1999|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=0852552807|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 28. ^I.M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.17 29. ^Jeremy Black, Cambridge Illustrated Atlas, Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792, (Cambridge University Press: 1996), p.9. 8 : History of Ethiopia|African royal families|Walashma dynasty|1185 establishments|12th-century establishments in Africa|1559 disestablishments in Africa|Adal Sultanate|Sultanate of Ifat |
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