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词条 Walking fish
释义

  1. Types

  2. Evolutionary link

  3. Comparison of fish with tetrapod-like features

  4. Darwin fish

  5. Gallery

  6. See also

  7. References

A walking fish, or ambulatory fish, is a fish that is able to travel over land for extended periods of time. Some other modes of non-standard fish locomotion include "walking" along the sea floor, for example, in handfish or frogfish.

Types

Most commonly, walking fish are amphibious fish. Able to spend longer times out of water, these fish may use a number of means of locomotion, including springing, snake-like lateral undulation, and tripod-like walking. The mudskippers are probably the best land-adapted of contemporary fish and are able to spend days moving about out of water and can even climb mangroves, although to only modest heights.[1] The climbing gourami is often specifically referred to as a "walking fish", although it does not actually "walk", but rather moves in a jerky way by supporting itself on the extended edges of its gill plates and pushing itself by its fins and tail. Some reports indicate that it can also climb trees.[2]

The epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) tends to live in shallow waters where swimming is difficult, and can often be seen walking over rocks and sand by using its muscular pectoral fins.[3] It lives in areas of great variation in water depth, usually where the tide falls below its location. If it finds itself out of water, it can survive for several hours, and is capable of walking over land to get to water. This means that it is easily observed by beachgoers in its natural range.

There are a number of fish that are less adept at actual walking, such as the walking catfish. Despite being known for "walking on land", this fish usually wriggles and may use its pectoral fins to aid in its movement. Walking catfish have a respiratory system that allows them to live out of water for several days. Some are invasive species, for example, the Northern snakehead in the U.S.[4] Polypterids have rudimentary lungs and can also move about on land, though rather clumsily. The mangrove rivulus can survive for months out of water and can move to places like hollow logs.[5][6][7][8]

Some species of fish can "walk" along the sea floor but not on land. One such animal is the flying gurnard (it does not actually fly, and should not be confused with flying fish). The batfishes of the Ogcocephalidae family (not to be confused with batfish of Ephippidae) are also capable of walking along the sea floor. Bathypterois grallator, also known as a "tripodfish", stands on three fins on the bottom of the ocean and hunts for food.[9] The African lungfish (P. annectens) can use its fins to "walk" along the bottom of its tank in a manner similar to the way amphibians and land vertebrates use their limbs on land.

[10][11][12]

Evolutionary link

The theory of evolution suggests that life originated in the oceans and later moved onto land, and paleontologists have long been looking for transitional fossils between ocean-living and land-living animals. In 2006, a fossil Tiktaalik roseae was found which has many features of wrist, elbow, and neck that are beginning to look similar to those of tetrapods.[13] It belongs to a group of lobe-finned fish called Rhipidistia, which according to some theories, were the ancestors of all tetrapods.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Comparison of fish with tetrapod-like features

A number of fish, both extant and prehistoric, have featured some characteristics related to locomotion that are typical of tetrapods.

Speciesventuring onto landtetrapod-like spinetetrapod-like appendagesdigit-like bones
5 axial regions interlocking vertebrae fully ossified vertebrae shoulder & skull separation functional 'intra-fin' joints fins adapted for walking rather than swimming strong & muscled fins humerus, radius & ulna bones differentiated distal radial bones jointed distal radial bones
Panderichthys rhombolepis † {{dunno}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}[14] {{no}}
Sauripterus taylori † {{dunno}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}[15]
Tiktaalik roseae † {{dunno}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}}
Tarrasius problematicus † {{dunno}} {{yes}}[16] {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Leptolepis koonwarriensis † {{dunno}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}}[17] {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Eastmanosteus pustulosus † {{dunno}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}}[18] {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Atractosteus spatula {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}}[19] {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Periophthalmus papilio {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}}[20][21] {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Brachionichthys hirsutus {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Ogcocephalus darwini {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Antennarius maculatus {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Protopterus annectens {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}}[22] {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Latimeria chalumnae {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Polypterus bichir lapradei {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Chelidonichthys cuculus {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} (3 rays) {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}} (3 rays) {{no}}
Hemiscyllium ocellatum {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}}[23] {{no}} {{dunno}}[24] {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}

Darwin fish

Another usage of the term walking fish is in reference to the "Darwin fish", a bumper sticker parody of the Ichthys, a symbol of Christianity.

Gallery

See also

  • Axolotl, colloquially known as a "walking fish"; it is not a fish, but an amphibian
  • Evolution of fish

References

1. ^http://www.cairnsmuseum.org.au/tourism.htm
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564164/climbing_fish.html|title=Climbing Fish|author=|date=|website=msn.com}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://elasmo-research.org/education/topics/b_dorsal_out.htm|title=Why Do Sharks Expose their Dorsal Fins?|author=|date=|website=elasmo-research.org}}
4. ^"Maryland Suffers Setback in War on Invasive Walking Fish", National Geographic NewsJuly 12, 2002
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/16251726|title=The strange places fish live|author=|date=5 June 2018|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}
6. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/11/15/us-fish-idUSN1522299020071115?pageNumber=1 | work=Reuters | title=Tropical fish can live for months out of water | date=15 November 2007}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071106-tree-fish.html|title=Fish Lives in Logs, Breathing Air, for Months at a Time|author=|date=|website=news.nationalgeographic.com}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071106-tree-fish_2.html|title=Fish Lives in Logs, Breathing Air, for Months at a Time|author=|date=|website=news.nationalgeographic.com}}
9. ^{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=AT |author2=KJ Sulak |title=First Central Pacific Plate and Hawaiian Record of the Deep-sea Tripod Fish Bathypterois grallator (Pisces: Chlorophthalmidae) |journal=Pacific Science |year=1990 |volume=44 |number=3 |pages=254–7 |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/1281/1/v44n3-254-257.pdf }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/16157835|title=Fish uses fins to walk and bound|author=|date=13 December 2011|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}
11. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/12/08/1118669109|title=Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes|first1=Heather M.|last1=King|first2=Neil H.|last2=Shubin|first3=Michael I.|last3=Coates|first4=Melina E.|last4=Hale|date=9 December 2011|publisher=|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=108|issue=52|pages=21146–21151|via=www.pnas.org|doi=10.1073/pnas.1118669109|pmid=22160688|pmc=3248479|bibcode=2011PNAS..10821146K}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111212153117.htm|title=A small step for lungfish, a big step for the evolution of walking|author=|date=|website=sciencedaily.com}}
13. ^{{cite journal | journal = Nature | volume = 440 | pages = 757–763 | date = 6 April 2006 | doi = 10.1038/nature04639 | title = A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan | author = Daeschler, E.B., Shubin, N.H. and Jenkins, Jr. F.A. | pmid = 16598249 | issue = 7085| bibcode = 2006Natur.440..757D }}
14. ^{{cite journal | authors = C. A. Boisvert, E. Mark-Kurik, P. E. Ahlberg | date=4 December 2008 | title = The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits | url = http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-105440| journal = Nature | volume = 456 | issue = 7222| pages = 636–638 | pmid = 18806778 | doi=10.1038/nature07339|bibcode = 2008Natur.456..636B }}
15. ^{{cite journal | authors = E. B. Daeschler, N. H. Shubin | date=8 January 1998 | title = Fish with Fingers? | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 391 | issue = 6663| pages = 133 | doi=10.1038/34317 | bibcode = 1998Natur.391..133D}}
16. ^{{cite journal |authors=Lauren Cole Sallan |title=Tetrapod-like axial regionalization in an early ray-finned fish |url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1741/3264.full.pdf#%24href | format=PDF | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=279 |date=23 May 2012 |pages=3264–3271 |doi= 10.1098/rspb.2012.0784 |issue=1741 |pmid=22628471 |pmc=3385743}}
17. ^{{cite book|last=Shukla|first=J.P.|title=Fish & Fisheries|year=2007|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn= 978-81-7133-800-9|pages=24–25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNnrEPFasJYC&pg=PA24}}
18. ^{{cite journal |authors=K. Trinajstic |title=Fossil Musculature of the Most Primitive Jawed Vertebrates | journal=Science |volume=341 |date=12 July 2013 |pages=160–164 |doi= 10.1126/science.1237275 |issue=6142|display-authors=etal |pmid=23765280|bibcode=2013Sci...341..160T |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206443 }}
19. ^{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Stanley J.|title=Fish, Amphibian and Reptile Remains from Archaeological Sites|year=1968|publisher=Acme Bookbinding|isbn=978-0-87365-163-9|pages=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4KQrsKWzRoC&pg=PA4}}
20. ^{{cite journal |authors=S. M. Kawano and R. W. Blob |title=Propulsive Forces of Mudskipper Fins and Salamander Limbs during Terrestrial Locomotion: Implications for the Invasion of Land |url=http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/10/icb.ict051.full.pdf | journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |volume=53 |issue=2 |date=August 2, 2013 |pages=283–294 |doi= 10.1093/icb/ict051|pmid=23667046}}
21. ^{{cite journal |authors=C. M. Pace and A. C. Gibb |title=Mudskipper pectoral fin kinematics in aquatic and terrestrial environments | journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=212 |issue=14 |date=July 15, 2009 |pages=2279–2286 |doi= 10.1242/jeb.029041|pmid=19561218}}
22. ^{{cite journal |authors=H.M. King, N.H. Shubin, M.I. Coates, M.E. Hale |title=Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/12/08/1118669109 | journal=PNAS |volume=108 |date=27 December 2011 |pages=21146–51 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.1118669109 |issue=52 |pmid=22160688 |pmc=3248479|bibcode=2011PNAS..10821146K }}
23. ^{{cite book|last1=Hanken|first1=James|last2=Hall|first2=Brian K.|title=The Skull, Volume 2: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity|year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-31570-6|pages=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bH9HQXg6jx8C&pg=PA209}}
24. ^{{cite journal |authors=Goto, T., Nishida, K. and Nakaya, K. |title=Internal morphology and function of paired fins in the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum |journal=Ichthyological Research |volume=46 |issue=3 |date=Sep 1999 |pages=281–287 |doi=10.1007/BF02678514}}
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