| 词条 | Walter Krupinski |
| 释义 |
|name=Walter Krupinski |birth_date={{birth date|1920|11|11|df=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|2000|10|7|1920|11|11|df=y}} |image= Generalleutnant Walter Krupinski.jpg |birth_place=Domnau, East Prussia |death_place=Neunkirchen-Seelscheid |caption=Walter Krupinski |nickname=Graf Punski, The Count |allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}} (to 1945) {{flag|West Germany}} |branch={{Luftwaffe}} {{GAF}} |serviceyears=1940–45 1957–76 |rank=Hauptmann (Wehrmacht) Generalleutnant (Bundeswehr) |unit=JG 52, JG 5 and JV 44 |commands=7./JG 52, 1./JG 5, II./JG 11, III./JG 26 JaBoG 33 |battles={{hidden |See battles |World War II
|- |headerstyle=background:#dbdbdb |style=text-align:center; }} |awards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Bundesverdienstkreuz }} Walter Krupinski (11 November 1920 – 7 October 2000) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace in World War II and a senior West German Air Force officer during the Cold War. He was one of the highest-scoring pilots in the war, credited with 197 victories in 1,100 sorties. He was called by his fellow pilots Graf Punski (Count Punski) due to his Prussian origins. Krupinski was one of the first to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in combat as a member of Jagdverband 44 led by Adolf Galland. Childhood, education and early careerKrupinski was born on 11 November 1920, in the town of Domnau in the Province of East Prussia, and grew up in Braunsberg, present-day Braniewo, Poland. He was the first son of Friedrich Wilhelm Krupinski, a Obergerichtsvollzieher (bailiff), and his wife Auguste, née Helmke. His two younger brothers were Paul and Günther.{{sfn|Braatz|2010|pp=13–14}} Paul joined the Kriegsmarine and entered the U-boat service, and was killed in action on 11 November 1944 while serving on {{GS|U-771||2}} as an Oberleutnant zur See (first lieutenant), which was sunk off the Norwegian coast by the British submarine {{HMS|Venturer|P68|6}}.{{sfn|Braatz|2010|p=152}} Krupinski entered the Luftwaffe in September 1939 as an ensign. From November 1939 to October 1940, Krupinski entered basic air training and, after being assigned as a fighter pilot, the fighter school.[1] Following two weeks of vacation, Krupinski completed his training at Jagdfliegerschule 5 (5th fighter pilot school) in Wien-Schwechat to which he was posted on 1 July 1940. Jagdfliegerschule 5 at the time was under the command of the World War I flying ace and recipient of the Pour le Mérite Eduard Ritter von Schleich. One of his course mates was Hans-Joachim Marseille, who had been posted to the Jagdfliegerschule 5 in late 1939 but had not yet graduated out of disciplinary reasons.{{sfn|Braatz|2010|p=28}} His three-roommates at the school were Walter Nowotny, Paul Galland, the brother of Adolf Galland, and Peter Göring, a nephew of the Reichsmarschall (Empire Marshal) Hermann Göring.{{sfn|Braatz|2010|p=29}} World War IIAfter completing his flight training at Jagdfliegerschule 5 Krupinski was sent to Ergänzungsjagdgruppe Merseburg on 1 October 1940. He then joined his new unit Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), where he was placed in 6. Staffel in February 1941.[2] 6. Staffel at the time was under the command of Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) Rudolf Resch. Resch later gave Krupinski the nickname "Graf Punski" ("Count Punski") or sometimes just "Der Graf" ("The Count"). The nickname had its origins in a late-night conversation between Krupinski and Resch. His father was a professor of Slavic studies in Dresden. When Krupinski tried to explain his East Prussian origin, Resch informed him that the ending in "-ski" or "-zky" denoted a landowner, or that it indicated a Freiherr ("free lord"), and thus the lowest level in the medieval nobal hierarchy in the East. The witty banter which then followed, led at first in his squadron, then in his group and eventually in the entire German fighter force to his nickname which stuck with for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Braatz|2010|pp=14–15}} Eastern FrontKrupinski won his first aerial victory during Operation Barbarossa. On 16 August 1941 at 05:48, he claimed a Polikarpov I-16.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=43}} Krupinski followed this up with a Ilyushin DB-3 on 17 September 1941.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=45}} His fourth victory came on the 4 October over a Tupolev SB near Kholm.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2003|p=46}} In the summer, 1942, 6./JG 52 was supporting Army Group South on the front over the Caucasus. Opposing it was the 4th and 5th Air Armies of the Red Air Force.{{sfn|Bergström|Pegg|2003|p=364}} On 25 October 1942 Krupinski claimed his 53rd victory but was then rammed by an I-16. The Soviet pilot was killed.{{sfn|Bergström|Pegg|2003|p=364}} Following his 50th aerial victory, Krupinsky was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe ({{lang|de|Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe}}) on 13 September 1942 and the German Cross in Gold ({{lang|de|Deutsches Kreuz in Gold}}) on 27 October 1942.{{sfn|Stockert|2007|p=31}} After another six victories, Krupinski was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross ({{lang|de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernes Kreuzes}}).{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=243}} On 2 March 1943, Krupinski was promoted to Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) and was given command of 7. Staffel.{{sfn|Weal|2001|p=67}} At this time Erich Hartmann, who went on to become the highest scoring Ace of the war, served as his wingman. Hartmann adopted Krupinki's close-quarters method of attack. On 18 August 1943, Krupinski was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 51st Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=243}} Oak Leaves to the Knight's CrossFollowing his 174th aerial victory, Krupinski was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ({{lang|de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub}}) on 2 March 1943. He was the 415th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.{{sfn|Stockert|2007|p=31}} At the time of the presentation of the Oak Leaves, his number of aerial of victories had increased to 177 claims. In addition, he had also been credited with the destruction of three T-34 tanks on the ground.{{sfn|Stockert|2007|p=32}} Both Krupinski and Hartmann were ordered to the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Ministry of Aviation) in Berlin for the Oak Leaves presentation. Both arrived in Berlin on 23 March 1944 only to learn that the presentation would be made at the Führerhauptquartier (Führer Headquarter). They were instructed to go the Anhalter Bahnhof where they would take an overnight train to the Führerhauptquartier. Here they met fellow JG 52 pilots Gerhard Barkhorn, who was to receive the Swords to his Knight's Cross, and Johannes Wiese. Also present were Kurt Bühligen, Horst Ademeit, Reinhard Seiler, Hans-Joachim Jabs, Dr. Maximilian Otte, Bernhard Jope and Hansgeorg Bätcher from the bomber force, and the Flak officer Fritz Petersen, all destined to receive the Oak Leaves. Krupinski assumed that they were heading for the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia but the train was heading for the Berghof in Berchtesgaden.{{sfn|Braatz|2010|p=118}} On the train, all of them got drunk on cognac and champagne. Supporting each other and unable to stand, they arrived at Berchtesgaden. Major Nicolaus von Below, Hitler's Luftwaffe adjutant, was shocked. After some sobering up, they were still intoxicated. Hartmann took a German officer's hat from a stand and put it on, but it was too large. Von Below became upset, told Hartmann it was Hitler's and ordered him to put it back.{{sfn|Braatz|2010|p=119}} Defense of the ReichOn 18 April 1944, Krupinski was transferred from the Eastern Front to Germany, where he was assigned to 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing). Promoted to the rank of Hauptmann (captain) on 1 May 1944, Krupinski was made Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing) on 7 May 1944.{{sfn|Stockert|2007|p=32}} After the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the Gruppe was moved to Normandy to operate on low-level Army support missions. Krupinski claimed 10 Allied aircraft shot down before he was wounded and burned on 11 August. This was his fifth injury of the war for which he was presented with the Wound Badge in Gold ({{lang|de|Verwundetenabzeichen in Gold}}) in January 1945.{{sfn|Stockert|2007|p=32}} Following his convalescence, he was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of III. Gruppe, Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) on 27 September 1944, replacing Klaus Mietusch who had been killed in action on 17 September.{{sfn|Caldwell|1998|p=358}} Caldwell describes Krupinski's style of command as too loose. Stating that under his command, III. Gruppe performance as a fighter unit declined. Caldwall attributes this to Krupinki being "weary of the war".{{sfn|Caldwell|1998|pp=358–359}} Jagdverband 44 and end of warOn 26 March 1945, III. Gruppe was disbanded and Krupinski was transferred to the jet unit Jagdverband 44, which flew the Messerschmitt 262 jet, claiming his last two aerial victories of the war on 16 and 26 April 1945.{{sfn|Stockert|2007|p=32}} At 3:00 pm on 24 April 1945, Krupinski was one of four pilots to take off from Munich-Riem to intercept a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) B-26 Marauder aircraft formation. Günther Lützow, who failed to return from this mission, led the flight of four. Lützow's fate remains unknown to this date.{{sfn|Braatz|2005|p=365}} Krupinski went into American captivity on 5 May 1945. He was held in US custody at Salzburg, Aibling, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, in England, France, Munich-Oberföhring and Tegernsee before being released on 26 September 1945. Krupinski had bailed out four times and had been wounded five times. Gehlen OrganizationThe former General Reinhard Gehlen had offered his services to the Americans in the end of 1945. Gehlen had served as chief of Fremde Heere Ost (FHO), the German Army's military intelligence unit on the Eastern Front. The Gehlen Organization was in need for people who were familiar with the air war. Krupinski was hired and helped gather information about the armed forces in the Soviet occupation zone until 1953. There are many conflicting or missing bits of information about this stage of Krupinski's life. He had done little to lift this veil of uncertainty.{{sfn|Braatz|2010|pp=177–181}} BundeswehrKrupinski entered the Amt Blank (Blank Agency), named after Theodor Blank, the forerunner of the German Federal Ministry of Defense on 15 December 1952. Given the rank of major in 1957, Krupinski went to lead Jagdbombergeschwader 33 (JaBoG 33—Fighter-Bomber Wing 33) the first postwar German jet fighter wing. In 1966 Krupinski took command of the German forces of the Luftwaffen-Ausbildungs-Kommando in Fort Bliss, Texas with the rank of brigadier general. In July 1969 Krupinski became commander of the 3rd Luftwaffe division. In 1971 he became chief of staff of Second Allied Tactical Air Force. In October 1974 Krupinski was promoted commanding officer of the airfleet. Due to the Rudel Scandal he was forced into early retirement on 8 November 1976 holding the rank of Generalleutnant (lieutenant-general). Krupinski died in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid in 2000. Summary of careerAerial victory claimsMatthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 197 aerial victory claims, plus five further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 178 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 19 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber and two victories with the Me 262 jet fighter.{{sfn|Matthews|Foreman|2015|pp=696–700}} Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 28472". The Luftwaffe grid map ({{lang|de|Jägermeldenetz}}) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about {{Convert|360|sqmi|sqkm}}. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.{{sfn|Planquadrat}} Awards
Notes1. ^Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. 2. ^For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II. ReferencesCitations{{reflist|25em}}Bibliography{{refbegin}}
|last=Braatz |first=Kurt |year=2005 |title=Gott oder ein Flugzeug - Leben und Sterben des Jagdfliegers Günther Lützow |trans-title=God or an Airplane - Life and Death of Fighter Pilot Günther Lützow |language=German |location=Moosburg, Germany |publisher=NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag |isbn=978-3-9807935-6-8 |ref=harv }}
|last=Braatz |first=Kurt |year=2010 |title=Walter Krupinski - Jagdflieger, Geheimagent, General |trans-title=Walter Krupinski - Fighter Pilot, Spy, General |language=German |location=Moosburg, Germany |publisher=NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag |isbn=978-3-9811615-5-7 |ref=harv }}
|last=Bergström |first=Christer |work=Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat |title= Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website |url= http://www.bergstrombooks.elknet.pl/bc-rs/planquadrat.htm |accessdate=15 April 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|Planquadrat}} }}
|last1=Bergström |first1=Christer |last2=Mikhailov |first2=Andrey |authorlink= |year=2001 |title=Black Cross, Red Star Vol 2 |location= |publisher=Pacifica Military History |isbn=978-0-935553-51-2 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Bergström |first1=Christer |last2=Antipov |first2=Vlad |last3=Sundin |first3=Claes |year=2003 |title=Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces |location=Hamilton MT |publisher=Eagle Editions |isbn=978-0-9721060-4-7 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Bergström |first1=Christer |last2=Pegg |first2=Martin |year=2003 |title=Jagdwaffe: The War in Russia: January–October 1942 |location=London |publisher=Classic Colours |isbn=978-1-903223-23-9 |ref=harv }}
|last=Bergström |first=Christer |authorlink= |year=2007 |title=Barbarossa - The Air Battle: July–December 1941 |location=London |publisher=Chevron/Ian Allan |isbn=978-1-85780-270-2 |ref=harv }}
|last=Caldwell |first=Donald L. |year=1998 |title=The JG 26 War Diary Volume Two 1943–1945 |location=London |publisher=Grub Street |isbn=978-1-898697-86-2 |ref=harv }}
|last=Fellgiebel |first=Walther-Peer |authorlink=Walther-Peer Fellgiebel |year=2000 |origyear=1986 |title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile |trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches |language=German |location=Friedberg, Germany |publisher=Podzun-Pallas |isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6 |ref=harv }}
|last=Forsyth |first=Robert |year=2008 |title=Jagdverband 44 Squadron of Experten |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-294-3 }}
|last1=Matthews |first1=Andrew Johannes |last2=Foreman |first2=John |year=2015 |title=Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L |location=Walton on Thames |publisher=Red Kite |isbn=978-1-906592-19-6 |ref=harv }}
|last=Mombeek |first=Eric |date=2011 |title=Eismeerjäger—Zur Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 5—Band 4 |trans-title=Fighters in the Artic Sea—The History of the 5th Fighter Wing—Volume 4 |location=Linkebeek, Belgium |publisher=ASBL, La Porte d'Hoves |isbn=978-2-930546-05-6 |ref=harv }}
|last=Obermaier |first=Ernst |year=1989 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945 |language=German |location=Mainz, Germany |publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann |isbn=978-3-87341-065-7 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Patzwall |first1=Klaus D. |last2=Scherzer |first2=Veit |year=2001 |title=Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II |trans-title=The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2 |language=German |location=Norderstedt, Germany |publisher=Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall |isbn=978-3-931533-45-8 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Patzwall |first1=Klaus D. |year=2008 |title=Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg |trans-title=The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War |language=German |location=Norderstedt, Germany |publisher=Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall |isbn=978-3-931533-08-3 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Rodeike |first2=Peter |year=1996 |title=Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11—Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945—Teil 2—1944 |trans-title=Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11—Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945—Volume 2—1944 |language=German |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-24-3 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2003 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/II—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941 |language=German |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-70-0 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2006 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943 |language=German |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-77-9 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2012 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943 |language=German |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Buchverlag Rogge |isbn=978-3-942943-05-5 |ref=harv }}
|last=Scherzer |first=Veit |year=2007 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |language=German |location=Jena, Germany |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 |ref=harv }}
|last=Stockert |first=Peter |year=2007 |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 5 |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 5 |language=German |location=Bad Friedrichshall, Germany |publisher=Friedrichshaller Rundblick |oclc=76072662 |ref=harv }}
|last=Thomas |first=Franz |year=1997 |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K |language=German |location=Osnabrück, Germany |publisher=Biblio-Verlag |isbn=978-3-7648-2299-6 |ref=harv }}
|last=Weal |first=John |year=2001 |title=Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzJUlCpm4zMC&printsec=frontcover |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-084-1 |ref=harv }}{{refend}} External links
| portal1=Aviation | portal2=Biography | portal3=Military of Germany | portal4=World War II }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Krupinski, Walter}} 12 : 1920 births|2000 deaths|Luftwaffe pilots|People from East Prussia|German World War II flying aces|Recipients of the Gold German Cross|Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves|World War II prisoners of war held by the United States|Bundeswehr generals|Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|German Air Force pilots|Lieutenant generals of the German Air Force |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。