“Warren”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A domestic warren is an artificial, enclosed establishment of animal husbandry dedicated to the raising of rabbits for meat and fur. It evolved from the Anglo-Norman concept of free warren, which had been, essentially, the equivalent of a hunting license for a given woodland.

Architecture of the domestic warren

The cunicularia of the monasteries may have more closely resembled hutches or pens, than the open enclosures with specialized structures which the domestic warren eventually became. Such an enclosure or close was called a cony-garth, or sometimes conegar, coneygree or "bury" (from "burrow").

Moat and pale

To keep the rabbits from escaping, domestic warrens were usually provided with a fairly substantive moat, or ditch filled with water. Rabbits generally do not swim and avoid water. A pale, or fence, was provided to exclude predators.

The most characteristic structure of the "cony-garth" ("rabbit-yard")^[1] is the pillow mound. These were "pillow-like", oblong mounds with flat tops, frequently described as being "cigar-shaped", and sometimes arranged like the letter or into more extensive, interconnected rows. Often these were provided with pre-built, stone-lined tunnels. The preferred orientation was on a gentle slope, with the arms extending downhill, to facilitate drainage. The soil needed to be soft, to accommodate further burrowing. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401001650/http://hobbyhorsefestival.co.uk/Hunting/History.html Schematic diagram of a pillow mound].

This type of architecture and animal husbandry has become obsolete, but numerous pillow mounds are still to be found in Britain, some of them maintained by English Heritage, with the greatest density being found on Dartmoor.^[2]

Further evolution of the term

The use is further extended to any system of burrows, e.g. prairie dog warren. By 1649 the term is found applied to inferior, crowded human accommodations in the meaning "cluster of densely populated living spaces" (OED). Contemporarily the leading use seems to be in the stock phrase "warren of cubicles" in the workplace.

References

1. ^English Garth "small, enclosed plot" is from Old Norse garðr "yard, courtyard, fence".
2. ^The One Show, BBC news programme. Transmitted on April 24, 2013,
3. ^{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Warren |volume=28|page=331}} see also {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Forest Laws |volume=10|page=645 |short=x}}

4 : Livestock|Agricultural buildings|Buildings and structures used to confine animals|Animals and humans