“Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Warsaw Society of Friends of Science ({{lang-pl|Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk}}, TPN) was one of the earliest Polish scientific societies, active in Warsaw from 1800 to 1832.

Name

The Society was also known as Warszawskie Królewskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk (Warsaw Royal Society of Friends of Learning). Sometimes the word "Royal" was omitted.

History

Though the Society was founded in 1800, its traditions harked back to the Thursday dinners that had been held in the final decades of the 18th century by Poland's last king, Stanisław August Poniatowski.^[1]^[2] From 1824 the Society was headquartered in the Staszic Palace (after its renovation in 1820–23), purchased for the Society by one of its most prominent members, Stanisław Staszic.^[3] In 1828 the Society had 185 members.^[4]

The Society flourished in the Duchy of Warsaw and Congress Poland, but was eventually dissolved by the Russian authorities in the aftermath of the failed November Uprising of 1830–31, when many Polish cultural organizations were delegalized as part of the repressions.^[3]^[5]^[5] The Society's traditions were continued by the Warsaw Scientific Society (Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie).

Influence

The Society was an important part of the second half of the Enlightenment in Poland, preserving Polish culture and science after the partitions of Poland damaged the fledgling Polish education system (after the world's first ministry of education, the Komisja Edukacji Narodowej - Polish for Commission of National Education - was abolished, many schools were closed and Germanization and Russification begun).^[5] The Society gathered Polish scientists, academics, writers and their sponsors throughout partitioned Poland;^[5] many of whom met twice in month in Warsaw for discussions. The creation and activities of the Society had a very significant impact on the development of science in Poland. It supported various scientific pursuits, from research, through creation of museums and libraries, organizing various events to supporting education and publishing. The society sought to popularize learning and shape intellectual and artistic trends, it also had a very broad membership{{Specify|date=March 2008}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}.

After the Załuski Library had been removed by the Russians to St. Petersburg, the Society's library was the greatest public library in former Poland.^[2] Its collection was partially confiscated by the Russians in 1832,^[3] and later parts of it were destroyed by the Nazis during the Second World War.^[6] It had its own journal, the Annals of the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning (Roczniki Warszawskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk, vols. 1-21, published 1802–30),^[7] and the Warsaw Chronicle (Pamiętnik Warszawski), a serious monthly modeled on publications such as the Edinburgh Review.^[8]

While some Society members studied the history of Poland (Joachim Lelewel) or the Polish language (Samuel Linde), others implement new inventions and spread ideas of the Industrial Revolution. Staszic was responsible for substantial improvements in mining, Tadeusz Czacki worked at regulating rivers, and others applied engineering or medicine.

After the Warsaw Society was disbanded in 1832, organizations in other cities began using analogous names, e.g., the Poznań Society of Friends of Learning.

Notables

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite book|title=Letters, Literary and Political, on Poland: Comprising Observations on Russia and Other Sclavonian Nations and Tribes|author=Lach-Szyrma, K.|date=1823|publisher=Constable|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JVEL63S-lCUC&pg=RA3-PA120|pages=3–120|accessdate=2017-03-13}}
2. ^¹[https://books.google.com/books?vid=097xUq0dtE1GC9kU&id=q2tTt_NNr2YC&pg=RA12-PA737&lpg=RA12-PA737&dq=%22Society+of+Friends+of+Science%22]
3. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.panberlin.de/html/body_plgeniusloci.html|publisher=panberlin.de|title=html/body_plgeniusloci|accessdate=2017-03-13}}
4. ^{{cite book|title=History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century|author=Berend, T.I.|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520232990|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q6QlDQAAQBAJ&pg=RA9-PA85|pages=9–85|accessdate=2017-03-13}}
5. ^¹²³{{cite book|title=The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795-1918|author=Wandycz, P.S.|date=1974|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=9780295953588|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=otoTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|page=184|accessdate=2017-03-13}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=The Holocaust and the Book: Destruction and Preservation|author=Rose, J.|date=2001|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|isbn=9781558492530|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y1dfVK-yYFIC&pg=PA70|page=70|accessdate=2017-03-13}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scholarly-societies.org/history/1800twpn.html|publisher=scholarly-societies.org|title=history/1800twpn|accessdate=2017-03-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232838/http://www.scholarly-societies.org/history/1800twpn.html|archivedate=2016-03-03|df=}}
8. ^{{cite book|title=Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918|author=Janowski, M.|date=2004|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789639241183|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lqt_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|page=20|accessdate=2017-03-13}}