| 词条 | Washington Island (Wisconsin) | |||||
| 释义 |
| name = Washington Island | image_name = | image_caption = | image_size = | image_alt = | location =Door County, Wisconsin | coordinates = {{coord|45.376991|N|86.896362|W|region:US_type:landmark_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Wisconsin#USA | archipelago = | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_sqmi =23.51 | rank = | length_mi =6 | width_mi =5 | coastline_mi = | highest_mount = | elevation_ft = | country = United States | population = 708 | population_as_of = 2010 | ethnic_groups = | website = | additional_info = }}Washington Island lies about {{conv|7|mi}} northeast of the tip of Door Peninsula in Door County, Wisconsin.[1] The island has a year-round population of 708 people according to the 2010 census. It has a land area of 60.89 km² (23.51 sq mi) and comprises over 92 percent of the land area of the town of Washington, as well as all of its population. The unincorporated community of Detroit Harbor is situated on the island. It is the largest in a group of islands that includes Plum, Detroit, Hog, Pilot, Fish, and Rock Islands. These islands form the Town of Washington. Detroit Harbor bay is on the south side of the island. A large part of Washington Island's economy is based on tourism.[2] Washington Island is approximately {{convert|5|mi|0}} wide by {{convert|6|mi|0}} long. Together with the Door Peninsula, Washington Island forms a treacherous strait that connects Green Bay to the rest of Lake Michigan. Early French explorers named this water way, now littered with shipwrecks, Porte des Morts, which literally means "Door of the Dead" or, more colloquially, "Death's Door", giving both Door County and Door Peninsula their names.[3] HistoryWashington Island is one of a string of islands (which are an outcropping of the Niagara Escarpment) stretching across the entrance of Green Bay from the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin to the Garden Peninsula in Michigan. Its earliest known name is "Wassekiganeso", an Ojibwa name that translates to "his breast is shining" and apparently refers to the glint of the sun that at times reflects off the limestone cliffs.[4] The earliest records and maps of the French, with whom written history of the region begins, do not name the individual islands, but refer to them all as a group. The names chosen depended on which group of Native Americans they found on the islands at the time. The most common name from after 1650 to 1816 was the Potawatomi Islands.[5] The Potawatomi appear to have first come to especially the southern islands in the string about 1641 (at which time they may figure into the naming of Porte des Morts), then left the area for a while, and then returned again and remained there for a considerable length of time. The French form of this name (also variously spelled) is l'Isle des Poux, based on a shortened form of the tribe's name. This shortened form also appears as "Pous" and is at times erroneously confused with Puans, which refers to the Winnebago. At times the French used the latter portion of the tribe's name, "Pou_a louse", resulting in Louse Islands. Before 1800, however, a few other names were applied to these islands. The Jesuit Records of 1670-1672 refer to them as the Huron Islands. Other records of the time refer to them as the Noquet Islands, named for the small band of Ojibwa that lived in the area of what is now called Big Bay de Noc, as well as, for a time, on Washington Island.[6] Jonathan Carver, who traveled the area in the late 18th century, called them, simply, the Islands of the Grand Traverse.[7] In July 1816, Col. John Miller was in charge of garrisoning a new fort at the head of Green Bay to be called Fort Howard. A small fleet of three schooners and one sloop sailed from Mackinac. They were the sloop Amelia and the schooners Wayne, Mink, and Washington, the last being the largest and flagship of the fleet, as well as, reportedly, the largest vessel on the lakes at the time.[8] The fleet was separated en route, and the Washington anchored in what is now Washington Harbor to wait for the others. With two days of waiting, some of the crew did some exploring on the island, and the officers, assuming theirs was the first ship to anchor there, named the harbor after the ship and in honor of President Washington. They also began naming the various islands in the area after significant members of their party, with the name of Col. John Miller being honored on the largest island as Millers Island. Other members of the party included Maj. Talbot Chambers, John O'Fallon, and Joseph Kean. Chambers Island retains its name today, while Keans Island and Fallons Island are now called Rock and Detroit Islands, respectively.[9] Not every map maker or journalist, however, knew of or paid attention to this. The names of Potawatomi and Louse continued to be used by many for many years, with a continued variety of spellings. At times Potawatomi was applied to the main island; sometimes to what is now Rock Island. At times the main island was missing from the map. When the lighthouse was built on Rock Island, it was called Pottawatomie Light, the name it has retained. While a few maps did chart either [?]ellens or Mellens Island (a possible corruption of Miller), the settlement of the island began with the fishers and craftsmen living around Washington Harbor. A large non-Native American presence did not begin until the 1830s, when settlers on their way to Green Bay heard of large sized trout. Most of these settlers were Icelandic and Irish.[10] These settlers commonly called the whole island by the name of their harbor and in the census of 1850, "Washington Island" appeared.[11] After that, both Potawatomi Islands, and Potawatomi Island soon fell out of use.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The border between Wisconsin and Michigan was originally defined as "the most usual ship channel" into Green Bay from Lake Michigan but commercial routes existed both to the north and south of the island which lead to a border dispute. In 1936, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Wisconsin v. Michigan found that Washington and three other islands were part of Wisconsin. CultureA majority of the people who settled on the island were Scandinavian immigrants, especially Icelanders. Today, Washington Island is one of the oldest Icelandic communities in the United States and among the largest outside Iceland itself.[3] Because of a loophole exploited during Prohibition by the owner of Nelsen's Hall (one of the few bars on the island at the time), taking shots of Angostura Bitters is a local tradition. Washington Island's population consumes more bitters than anyone else in the world.[12] Modern DayWashington Island hosts the Midwest region's largest lavender farm,[13] accompanied by a biennial festival held in summer.[14] Three parks and two beaches [15] dot the island. A fine arts school, the Sievers School of Fiber Arts, also calls the island home.[16] ClimateWashington Island has a humid continental climate influenced to some degree by its offshore position in Lake Michigan. This results in summer temperatures being moderated, seasonal lag being prevalent and winters being less cold than in western Wisconsin on the same latitude. {{Weather box|metric first= |single line=Y |location = Washington Island |Jan record high C = 9.4 |Feb record high C = 11.1 |Mar record high C = 21.7 |Apr record high C = 25.0 |May record high C = 30.6 |Jun record high C = 33.3 |Jul record high C = 34.4 |Aug record high C = 36.7 |Sep record high C = 34.4 |Oct record high C = 28.9 |Nov record high C = 21.7 |Dec record high C = 14.4 |year record high C= 36.7 |Jan high C= −3.4 |Feb high C= −2.0 |Mar high C= 2.7 |Apr high C= 9.3 |May high C= 15.5 |Jun high C= 20.9 |Jul high C= 24.6 |Aug high C= 24.1 |Sep high C= 19.6 |Oct high C= 13.2 |Nov high C= 5.9 |Dec high C= −0.5 |year high C= |Jan mean C= −7.4 |Feb mean C= −6.6 |Mar mean C= −1.8 |Apr mean C= 4.4 |May mean C= 10.0 |Jun mean C= 15.5 |Jul mean C= 19.3 |Aug mean C= 19.1 |Sep mean C= 14.9 |Oct mean C= 9.1 |Nov mean C= 2.4 |Dec mean C= −3.8 |Jan low C= −11.6 |Feb low C= −11.2 |Mar low C= −6.4 |Apr low C= −0.5 |May low C= 4.5 |Jun low C= 10.1 |Jul low C= 13.9 |Aug low C= 14.0 |Sep low C= 10.2 |Oct low C= 4.9 |Nov low C= −0.9 |Dec low C= −7.1 |year low C= |Jan record low C = −32.8 |Feb record low C = −32.2 |Mar record low C = −32.2 |Apr record low C = −16.7 |May record low C = −6.7 |Jun record low C = −4.4 |Jul record low C = 1.7 |Aug record low C = 0.0 |Sep record low C = −3.3 |Oct record low C = −7.8 |Nov record low C = −17.2 |Dec record low C = −29.4 |year record low C= −32.8 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 36 |Feb precipitation mm = 24 |Mar precipitation mm = 40 |Apr precipitation mm = 61 |May precipitation mm = 75 |Jun precipitation mm = 81 |Jul precipitation mm = 78 |Aug precipitation mm = 82 |Sep precipitation mm = 82 |Oct precipitation mm = 67 |Nov precipitation mm = 59 |Dec precipitation mm = 37 |year precipitation mm= 721 |Jan snow cm = 33.5 |Feb snow cm = 24.4 |Mar snow cm = 20.3 |Apr snow cm = 7.1 |May snow cm = 0.5 |Jun snow cm = 0.0 |Jul snow cm = 0.0 |Aug snow cm = 0.0 |Sep snow cm = 0.0 |Oct snow cm = 0.2 |Nov snow cm = 7.6 |Dec snow cm = 26.7 |year snow cm= 120.4 |Jan precipitation days = 7.7 |Feb precipitation days = 5.5 |Mar precipitation days = 6.5 |Apr precipitation days = 8.3 |May precipitation days = 9.0 |Jun precipitation days = 9.2 |Jul precipitation days = 8.9 |Aug precipitation days = 9.0 |Sep precipitation days = 9.6 |Oct precipitation days = 8.2 |Nov precipitation days = 9.1 |Dec precipitation days = 8.2 |year precipitation days= 99.3 |source 1 = Weatherbase [17] |date= July 2012}} TransportationWashington Island is served by two ferry routes. The first route is to take a 30-minute ferry ride from the Door Peninsula to Detroit Harbor on the island from a freight, automobile, and passenger ferry that departs daily from the Northport Pier at the northern terminus of Wisconsin Highway 42. The second route is a passenger-only ferry that departs from the unincorporated community of Gills Rock on a 20-minute route, which includes an optional bundled narrated train tour upon arriving on Washington Island.[18] The Washington Island Airport, a small public airport with two grass runways, is located on the island.[19] See also
References1. ^{{cite gnis|1576244|Washington Island (Wisconsin)}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://washingtonisland.com/washington-island/|title=Washington Island|website=washingtonisland.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-26}} 3. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://www.washingtonisland.com/visitors-guide/island-history-culture/| title=Washington Island: History & Culture}} 4. ^Eaton, Conan Bryant, The Naming: A Part of the History of Washington Island, Printed by the Door County Advocate, Sturgeon Bay, WI, 1966, page 1 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://washingtonisland.com/a-brief-island-history/|title=A Brief Island History|website=washingtonisland.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-26}} 6. ^Noquet Indian Tribe 7. ^Eaton, C.B, p. 4 8. ^Eaton, C.B., p.7 9. ^Eaton, C.B., pp. 14-15 10. ^Moon Spotlight Wisconsin's Door County By Thomas Huhti 11. ^Eaton, C.B., p. 16 12. ^{{cite web|title=How a Tiny Wisconsin Island Became the World's Biggest Consumer of Bitters|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/washington-island-wisconsin-bitters-shots|publisher=Atlas Obscura|last=Kunkel|first=Leigh|date=2018-03-05|access-date=2018-08-10}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisconsinlife.org/story/the-largest-lavender-farm-in-the-midwest-calls-washington-island-home/|title=The Largest Lavender Farm In The Midwest Calls Washington Island Home {{!}} Wisconsin Life|website=www.wisconsinlife.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-26}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://fragrantisle.com/pages/2018-fragrant-isle-all-things-lavender-festival-announcement|title=2018 Fragrant Isle "All Things Lavender" Festival Announcement|website=Fragrant Isle Lavender Farm & Shop|access-date=2018-06-26}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://washingtonisland.com/beaches-parks/|title=Beaches & Parks|website=washingtonisland.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-26}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sieversschool.com/|title=Sievers School of Fiber Arts — Learn, refresh and reflect|website=sieversschool.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-26}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=509874 |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Washington Island, Wisconsin |publisher= Weatherbase |accessdate= 2012-07-26}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.islandclipper.com/|title=The Island Clipper & The Viking Train|website=www.islandclipper.com|access-date=2018-06-26}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://washingtonisland.com/by-airplane/|title=By Airplane|website=washingtonisland.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-26}} Bibliography{{Empty section|date=June 2016}}External links
5 : Islands of Door County, Wisconsin|Lake islands of Wisconsin|Islands of Lake Michigan|Icelandic-American culture in Wisconsin|Former disputed islands |
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