| 词条 | Watercress darter |
| 释义 |
| name = Watercress darter | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Watercress Darter.jpg | image_caption = Photo courtesy of the Geological Survey of Alabama | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Actinopterygii | ordo = Perciformes | familia = Percidae | genus = Etheostoma | species = E. nuchale | binomial = Etheostoma nuchale | binomial_authority = W. M. Howell & R. D. Caldwell, 1965 }} The watercress darter (Etheostoma nuchale) is a small, colorful species of darter endemic to the eastern United States where it is only known from the Black Warrior River drainage basin near Birmingham, Alabama. DescriptionThis species can reach a length of {{convert|5.4|cm|in}} TL though most only reach a length of around {{convert|3.5|cm|in}}.[2] Distribution and habitatThe watercress darter is only known to exist in four specific bodies of water, two in the Watercress Darter National Wildlife Refuge and two at the Seven Springs in the Powderly neighborhood of Birmingham. The Seven Springs populations were discovered in 2003. The species can be found in the watercress zone of springs where the water is slow-moving. They are usually found in dense mats of watercress or other aquatic vegetation, where they rest on the leaves and stems well above the stream bed. They feed on snails, crustaceans, and insect larvae in slow-moving water.[3] Conservation and statusThe species is endangered and is protected in areas such as the Watercress Darter National Wildlife Refuge in Jefferson County. The IUCN lists it as being "Endangered" due to its small range, small total population size and vulnerability to deterioration in the quality of the water in the springs in which it occurs.[1] On September 22, 2008, more than 12,000 [4] watercress darters were killed when workers from the city of Birmingham removed a beaver dam at Roebuck Springs, emptying a pond that was the darters' habitat. An alternative solution would have been to install a flow device in the dam to regulate the pond height. The pond was emptied because it often flooded a nearby tennis court. The city emptied the beaver pond without the permission of the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS).[5] The FWS has ordered the dam to be restored and the pond refilled in an effort to save the remaining darters.[6] The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources is suing the City of Birmingham for destroying endangered species and their wetland habitat.[7] References1. ^1 {{Cite journal | author = NatureServe | title = Etheostoma nuchale | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2013 | page = e.T8122A13387295 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2013 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/8122/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T8122A13387295.en | access-date = 15 January 2018}} 2. ^{{FishBase species |genus= Etheostoma|species= nuchale| month = February | year = 2014}} 3. ^{{cite journal |title=Habitat Use of the Watercress Darter (Etheostoma nuchale): An Endangered Fish in an Urban Landscape |author=R. Scot Duncan |author2=Chad P. Elliott |last-author-amp=yes |journal=The American Midland Naturalist |pages=9–21 |year=2003 |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1674/0003-0031-164.1.9 |accessdate=2010-09-23 |doi=10.1674/0003-0031-164.1.9}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/science/earth/25brfs-BIRMINGHAMIS_BRF.html?scp=1&sq=watercress%20darter&st=cse |publisher=The New York Times|title=Feds Propose $3 Million Fine for Massive Fish Kill|date=2010-06-24}} 5. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.al.com/birminghamnews/stories/index.ssf?/base/news/122215777510060.xml&coll=2|publisher=The Birmingham News|last=Bouma|first=Katherine|title=Dam removal kills more than 1,000 endangered fish at Roebuck Springs|date=2008-09-23}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.al.com/birminghamnews/stories/index.ssf?/base/news/1222244170184290.xml&coll=2|publisher=The Birmingham News|last=Bouma|first=Katherine|title=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service orders endangered watercress darter pond restored in Birmingham|date=2008-09-24}} 7. ^{{cite news |title=Birmingham Sued Over Beaver Dam Removal |author=Tracy Dalzell Walsh |newspaper=Courthouse News Service |date=2010-09-22 |url=http://www.courthousenews.com/2010/09/22/30517.htm |accessdate=2010-09-23 }} External links
4 : Etheostoma|Endemic fauna of Alabama|Fish described in 1965|ESA endangered species |
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