“Fraser script”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Fraser script

释义

Consonants
Vowels
Tones
Unicode
See also
References
External links

{{Infobox Writing system
|name=Fraser
|type=alphabet
|time=c. 1915–present
|languages=Lisu
|fam1=Phoenician script
|fam2=Greek script
|fam3=Latin script
|sample=Fraser text.png
|imagesize=256
|creator=James O. Fraser
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA4D0.pdf U+A4D0–U+A4FF]
|iso15924=Lisu
}}

The Fraser or Old Lisu script is an artificial script invented around 1915 by Sara Ba Thaw, a Karen preacher from Myanmar, and improved by the missionary James O. Fraser, to write the Lisu language. It is a single-case (unicameral) alphabet. It was also used for the Naxi language, e.g. the 1932 Naxi Gospel of Mark.^[1], and used in the Zaiwa or Atsi language e.g. the 1938 Atsi Gospel of Mark.

The script uses uppercase letters from the Latin script, and rotated versions thereof, to write consonants and vowels. Tones and nasalization are written with Roman punctuation marks, identical to those found on a typewriter. Like the Indic abugidas, the vowel {{IPA|[a]}} is not written. However, unlike those scripts, the other vowels are written with full letters.

The Chinese government recognized the script in 1992 as the official script for writing in Lisu.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

Consonants

Note: You may need to download a Lisu capable Unicode font if not all characters display.

Fraser consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Alveolar sibilant	Post- alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	Tenuis	Lisu\|ꓑ}} {{IPAblink\|p}}	Lisu\|ꓔ}} {{IPAblink\|t}}	Lisu\|ꓝ}} {{IPAblink\|ts}}	Lisu\|ꓚ}} {{IPAblink\|tʃ}}	Lisu\|ꓗ}} {{IPAblink\|k}}	¹
	Aspirate	Lisu\|ꓒ}} {{IPAblink\|pʰ}}	Lisu\|ꓕ}} {{IPAblink\|tʰ}}	Lisu\|ꓞ}} {{IPAblink\|tsʰ}}	Lisu\|ꓛ}} {{IPAblink\|tʃʰ}}	Lisu\|ꓘ}} {{IPAblink\|kʰ}}
	Voiced	Lisu\|ꓐ}} {{IPAblink\|b}}	Lisu\|ꓓ}} {{IPAblink\|d}}	Lisu\|ꓜ}} {{IPAblink\|dz}}	Lisu\|ꓙ}} {{IPAblink\|dʒ}}	Lisu\|ꓖ}} {{IPAblink\|ɡ}}	Lisu\|ꓨ}} {{IPAblink\|ɦ}}³
Fricative	Voiceless	Lisu\|ꓩ}} {{IPAblink\|f}}	Lisu\|ꓢ}} {{IPAblink\|s}}	Lisu\|ꓫ}} {{IPAblink\|ʃ}}	Lisu\|ꓧ}} {{IPAblink\|x}}	Lisu\|ꓦ}} {{IPAblink\|h̃}}³
Fricative	Voiced	Lisu\|ꓪ}} {{IPAblink\|v}}	Lisu\|ꓤ}} {{IPAblink\|z}}	Lisu\|ꓣ}} {{IPAblink\|ʒ}}	Lisu\|ꓭ}} {{IPAblink\|ɰ}}?, {{IPAblink\|ɣ}}²
Nasal		Lisu\|ꓟ}} {{IPAblink\|m}}	Lisu\|ꓠ}} {{IPAblink\|n}}	Lisu\|ꓥ}} {{IPAblink\|ŋ}}
Approximant		Lisu\|ꓪ}} {{IPAblink\|w}}, {{IPAblink\|u̯}}²	Lisu\|ꓡ}} {{IPAblink\|l}}	Lisu\|ꓬ}} {{IPAblink\|ʝ}}, {{IPAblink\|i̯}}²

Initial glottal stop is not written. It is automatic before all initial vowels but {{IPAblink|ɯ}} and {{IPAblink|ə}}.
{{script|Lisu|ꓭ}} sometimes represents a "vowel", presumably a medial {{IPAblink|ɰ}}, and sometimes a consonant {{IPAblink|ɣ}}. {{script|Lisu|ꓪ}} and {{script|Lisu|ꓬ}} are likewise ambiguous.
{{script|Lisu|ꓨ}} only occurs in an imperative particle. It is an allophone of {{script|Lisu|ꓦ}} {{IPAblink|h̃}}, which causes nasalization to the syllable.

Vowels

Fraser vowels
Front		Central/back
High	Lisu\|ꓲ}} {{IPAblink\|i}}	Lisu\|ꓵ}} {{IPAblink\|y}}	Lisu\|ꓶ}} {{IPAblink\|ɯ}}	Lisu\|ꓴ}} {{IPAblink\|u}}
Mid	Lisu\|ꓰ}} {{IPAblink\|e}}	Lisu\|ꓱ}} {{IPAblink\|ø}}	Lisu\|ꓷ}} {{IPAblink\|ə}}	Lisu\|ꓳ}} {{IPAblink\|ʊ}}
Low	Lisu\|ꓯ}} {{IPAblink\|ɛ}}	Lisu\|ꓮ}}** {{IPAblink\|ɑ}}

Not written after a consonant.

For example, {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓝ}}}} is {{IPA|[tsɑ̄]}}, while {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓝꓰ}}}} is {{IPA|[tsē]}}.

Tones

Tones are written with standard punctuation. Lisu punctuation therefore differs from international norms: the comma is {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|꓾}}}} (hyphen period), and the full stop is {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|꓿}}}} (equal sign).

Lisu|ꓝ}} {{IPA|[tsɑ]}}
Lisu\|ꓝ}} {{IPA\|[tsɑ̄]}}	Lisu\|ꓝꓸ}} {{IPA\|[tsɑ́]}}	Lisu\|ꓝꓹ}} {{IPA\|[tsɑ̌]}}
Lisu\|ꓝꓻ}} {{IPA\|[tsɑ̄ˀ]}}*	Lisu\|ꓝꓺ}} {{IPA\|[tsɑ̄ˀ]}}	Lisu\|ꓝʼ}} {{IPA\|[tsɑ̄̃]}}
Lisu\|ꓝꓼ}} {{IPA\|[tsɑ̂ˀ]}}	Lisu\|ꓝꓽ}} {{IPA\|[tsɑ̂]}}	Lisu\|ꓝˍ}} {{IPA\|[tsɑ̄ɑ̂]}}

It is not clear how the {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓻ}}}} mid tone differs from the unmarked mid tone.

The tones {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓸ}}}}, {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓹ}}}}, {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓺ}}}}, {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓻ}}}} may be combined with {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓼ}}}} and {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓽ}}}} as compound tones. However, the only one still in common use is {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓹꓼ}}}}.

The apostrophe indicates nasalization. It is combined with tone marks.

The understrike (optionally a low macron) indicates the Lisu "A glide", a contraction of {{IPA|[ɑ̂]}} without an intervening glottal stop. The tone is not always falling, depending on the environment, but is written {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ˍ}}}} regardless.

Unicode

The Fraser script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

An additional character which is the inverted Y used in the Naxi language is not in Unicode.

The Unicode block for the Fraser script, called 'Lisu', is U+A4D0–U+A4FF:

References

1. ^[https://socidoc.com/queue/m-ko-te-dna-hsi-mark-1932-_5a02b933d64ab2e82e1e3176_pdf?queue_id=5a1b047ed64ab2e8253d9734 Naxi Gospel of Mark 1932]

External links

Omniglot entry on Fraser script
Proposal for encoding the Old Lisu script in the BMP of the UCS
Issues in orthography development and reform by David Bradley
Sample text from Michael Everson's website

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