| 词条 | Aerojet General X-8 | |||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Aerojet General X-8 was an unguided, spin-stabilized sounding rocket designed to launch a {{convert|150|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} payload to {{convert|200000|ft|km|1}}.[2][3] The X-8 was a version of the prolific Aerobee rocket family.[3][4][5] Towards the end of World War II, the US Army and the California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory had developed a meteorological sounding rocket, the WAC Corporal.[6] The U.S. Army had also captured enough parts to assemble perhaps 100 German V-2 guided missiles. The Army determined that its Project Hermes would be extended to assemble and launch a number of the V-2s for military, technological and scientific purposes.[7] Many of the V-2 components were damaged or useless.[8][9] Thus the initial intent of the Army was to launch only 20 missiles.[10] The Army was to make space available on the V-2s for upper atmosphere research. Due to the limited number of V-2s, originally planned design of several competing sounding rockets continued. Jet Propulsion Laboratory initially favored its WAC Corporal despite its inadequacy.[11] The competing rockets were the Applied Physics Laboratory's Aerobee and the Naval Research Laboratory's Neptune (Viking).[12] The Army determined that it would refurbish and manufacture components as necessary to launch many more V-2s than originally intended, making most available for science.[13] The Aerobee was developed in response to the need for a sounding rocket to replace the dwindling numbers of V-2s.[14] Design and initial development of the Aerobee occurred between June 1946 and November 1947.[15] The first Aerobees, the Navy RTV-N-8a1 and Army Signal Corps XASR-SC-1, used the Aerojet XASR-1 {{convert|2600|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on}} thrust air-pressurized engine. Aerojet's XASR-1 was developed from the {{convert|1500|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on}} thrust WAC-1 engine of the WAC Corporal sounding rocket.[16] The USAF RTV-A-1 (X-8), Navy RTV-N-10 and Army XASR-SC-2s used the Aerojet XASR-2 {{convert|2600|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on}} thrust helium pressurized engine.[17] In 1949 the Air Force instigated the development of a more powerful Aerojet engine to replace the 2,600 lb.-thrust XASR-2. This was the {{convert|4000|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on}} thrust helium-pressurized AJ 10-25.[18] The USAF X-8A (RTV-A-1a) and USN RTV-N-10a used the seminal Aerojet AJ-10-25 (Air Force) or AJ-10-24 (Navy).[18][19] The Army Air Force's Air Research and Development Command, needing its own research programs, initiated Project MX-1011 and ordered 33 AJ-10-25 powered Aerobees as RTV-A-1s.[20][21] That designation was later changed to X-8.[22] Ultimately the rocket was renamed again as RM-84.[23] The number of X-8s flown came to 60 including 28 X-8s (RTV-A-1), 30 X-8As (RTVM-A-1a), 1 X-8B (RTV-A-1b) with a {{convert|2600|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on}} thrust XASR-2 chemically pressurized engine, and 1 X-8C (RTV-A-1c) with a {{convert|4000|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on}} thrust AJ 10-25s helium pressurized engine with no booster.[24][25] The three X-8D with {{convert|4000|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on}} thrust AJ 10-25, were never flown.[26] A Navy experimental launch of a stretched Aerobee, the RTV-N-10b resulted in both services requesting improved Aerobees, known generically as Aerobee-Hi.[27][28] Operational historyAt launch, an {{convert|18000|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on}} thrust Aerojet 2.5KS18,000G solid rocket booster fired for 2.5 seconds.[29] After booster jettison, a {{convert|2600|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on}} thrust XASR-2 liquid fuel rocket burned for up to 40 seconds (depending on desired apogee).[29][30] The X-8 recovery sequence was normally started as the rocket descended through about {{convert|200,000|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} feet when the fins were blown off to induce a drag producing tumble.[31] At about {{convert|20,000|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} the nose cone was blown off the rocket and returned to Earth by parachute.[32] The baseline X-8 measured {{convert|20.2|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} in length and measured {{convert|5.25|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} across the fins. A X-8A reached a maximum altitude of {{convert|138.4|mi|km|1}} Another reached a speed of Mach six.[33] The payloads of the X-8s varied, averaging about 150 lbs.[27] There were 30 X-8s, 30 X-8As, 1 X-8B, 2 X8-Cs and 3 X-8Ds delivered to the Air Force.[29] The first RTV-A-1 (X-8) flight was USAF-1, flown at Holloman Air Force Base (adjacent to the White Sands Proving Ground). USAF-1 was launched by an Air Force crew commanded by Major Phillip Calhoun, the Aerobee Project Officer, on 2 December 1949.[34] USAF-1 reached an altitude of {{convert|59.7|mi|km|1}} and carried three experiments; a Solar Radiation Soft X-Ray detector for the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, a Pressure-Temperature study for Boston University, and a Color Earth Photography experiment for the Wright Patterson Air Force Base Equipment Laboratory. Rocket performance was good. Telemetry returned some data. The X-Ray detector foils ruptured and returned no data. Parachute failure resulted in the nose cone containing the experiments to be lost. The nose cone was found in July 1950, the film was destroyed.[35] The next four flights saw the nose cone recovery parachutes fail.[36] USAF-6, was a more typical X-8 Mission. It carried a payload of Pressure-Temperature detectors for the University of Michigan, an Air Force Cambridge Center multipurpose beacon, 6 channel PPM-AM system, a Ten channel data recorder supplied by Tufts College, and a camera to photograph a Sperry aspect gyro for the University of Michigan. USAF-6 reached an altitude of {{convert|57.5|mi|km|1}} before a flawless recovery.[37] From December 1949 until the last X-8A flight on 11/12/1956, the X-8s (RTV-A-1/RTV-A-1a)s flew a great variety of experiments. Typical payloads were solar radiation, temperature, pressure, photography, sky brightness, atmosphere composition, winds, airglow, rocket performance, biological experiments, air density, day airglow, ionosphere, sodium studies, nitric oxide to produce a sporadic E layer, nitric oxide attempt to recombine atomic oxygen, sodium cloud ionization, solar spectrum and atmospheric composition.[38] All but the last X-8 mission were flown from Holloman AFB. The last X-8 was flown for the Signal Corps Electronic Laboratory from Fort Churchill, Canada on 11/12/1956 and studied temperature and winds.[27] After the X-8s Air Force Aerobees were known by their engine model numbers, either AJ-10-27 or AJ-10-34.[39] Variants
Specifications (general){{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=neither |ref=The X-Planes: X-1 to X-45[1] |crew= unmanned |capacity= |length main= 20ft 1.5in |length alt= |span main= 5ft 3in |span alt= |height main= 15in |height alt= |area main= 36ft² |area alt= |airfoil= |empty weight main= 135lb |empty weight alt= |loaded weight main= 1,097lb |loaded weight alt= |useful load main= 150-300lb |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |more general= |engine (jet)= rocket |type of jet= |number of jets= |thrust main= |thrust alt= |thrust original= |afterburning thrust main= |afterburning thrust alt= |max speed main= 3490 knots |max speed alt= 4,020mph |range main= 18+nm |range alt= 20+mi |ferry range main= |ferry range alt= |ferry range more= |ceiling main= 800,000ft |ceiling alt= |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance= |armament= None |avionics= }} See also{{Portal|United States Air Force}}{{aircontent|see also= |related=
|similar aircraft= |lists= }} References1. ^1 {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Jay |date=2001 |title=The X-Planes: X-1 to X-45 |chapter=Aerojet General X-8A, X-8B, X-8C, and X-8D Aerobee |publisher=Midland |location=Hinckley, UK |isbn=1-85780-109-1}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Van Allen |first1=James A. |last2=Townsend |first2=Jr.|editor-last=Newell |editor-first=Homer E. |title=Sounding Rockets |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location= |date=1959 |page=56 |chapter=Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket |isbn= |lastauthoramp=y}} 3. ^1 Miller, Jay, The X-Planes, 1988, Arlington, Texas: Aerofax,Inc., {{ISBN|0-517-56749-0}}, page 81 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Van Allen |first1=James A. |last2=Townsend |first2=Jr.|editor-last=Newell |editor-first=Homer E. |title=Sounding Rockets |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location= |date=1959 |pages=55–57, 62, Table 4-1 |chapter=Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket |isbn= |lastauthoramp=y}} 5. ^{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Charles P., Jr. |date=February 1958 |title=Naval Research Laboratory Report No. 4276 Upper Atmospheric Research Report Number XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=Naval Research Loboratory |volume=2 |number=20 |pages=46,293 |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADB957191 |format=pdf |accessdate=10 March 2016}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Eckles |first=Jim |date=2013 |title=Pocket Full of Rockets |publisher=Fiddlebike Partnership. |location=Las Cruces, New Mexico |isbn=9781492773504 |pages=165–166}} 7. ^{{cite book |title=Science With A Vengeance |last=DeVorkin |first=David H. |year=1992 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution (Springer-Verlag) |location=New York |isbn=1-56347-649-5 |pages=48, 61–62}} 8. ^{{cite book |title=The Rockets and Missiles of White Sands Proving Ground |last=Kennedy |first=Gregory P. |year=2009 |publisher=Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. |location=Atglen, PA. |isbn=978-0-7643-3251-7 |pages=34–36}} 9. ^{{cite book |last=White |first=L. D. |title=Final Report,Project Hermes V-2 Missile Program |url=https://archive.org/details/finalreportproje00whit |location=Schnectady, New York |publisher=Guided Missile Department, Aeronautic and Ordnance Systems Division, Defense Products Group, General Electric |page=19 |date=September 1952 |isbn=}} 10. ^{{cite book |title=Science With A Vengeance |last=DeVorkin |first=David H. |year=1992 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution (Springer-Verlag) |location=New York |isbn=1-56347-649-5 |page=62}} 11. ^{{cite book |title=Science With A Vengeance |last=DeVorkin |first=David H. |year=1992 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution (Springer-Verlag) |location=New York |isbn=1-56347-649-5 |pages=168–170}} 12. ^{{cite book |title=Science With A Vengeance |last=DeVorkin |first=David H. |year=1992 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution (Springer-Verlag) |location=New York |isbn=1-56347-649-5 |pages=171, 175}} 13. ^{{cite book |title=Science With A Vengeance |last=DeVorkin |first=David H. |year=1992 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution (Springer-Verlag) |location=New York |isbn=1-56347-649-5 |page=66}} 14. ^{{cite book |last1=Van Allen |first1=James A. |last2=Townsend |first2=Jr.|editor-last=Newell |editor-first=Homer E. |title=Sounding Rockets |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location= |date=1959 |page=55 |chapter=Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket |isbn= |lastauthoramp=y}} 15. ^{{cite book |last1=Van Allen |first1=James A. |last2=Townsend |first2=Jr.|editor-last=Newell |editor-first=Homer E. |title=Sounding Rockets |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location= |date=1959 |page=57 |chapter=Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket |isbn= |lastauthoramp=y}} 16. ^{{cite book |title=History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines |last=Sutton |first=George P. |year=2006 |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |location=Reston, Virginia |isbn=1-56347-649-5 |page=371}} 17. ^{{cite book |last1=Van Allen |first1=James A. |last2=Townsend |first2=Jr.|editor-last=Newell |editor-first=Homer E. |title=Sounding Rockets |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location= |date=1959 |page=60 |chapter=Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket |isbn= |lastauthoramp=y}} 18. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Van Allen |first1=James A. |last2=Townsend |first2=Jr.|editor-last=Newell |editor-first=Homer E. |title=Sounding Rockets |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location= |date=1959 |page=62 |chapter=Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket |isbn= |lastauthoramp=y}} 19. ^The AJ-10 series of rocket engines spanned 49 different versions and the history of space exploration. From the Aerobee and Vanguard, to the Able and Delta SLVs, Titan SLVs, the Apollo Service Module engine and the Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuver engine. Sutton, George P., History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, Virginia, 2006 , pages 371–377, {{ISBN|1-56347-649-5}} 20. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/mx/1000-1499.html |title=MX-1000 to MX-1499 Listing|accessdate=2016-03-16|last=Parsch|first=Andreas|date=|work=|publisher=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles|pages=Appendix 1|quote= }} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/old-missiles.html#_Missiles_AF5155|title=Air Force designations 1951 - 1955 |accessdate=2016-03-16|last=Parsch|first=Andreas|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles|pages=Appendix 1|quote= }} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/old-missiles.html#_Missiles_AF5155|title=Air Force designations 1951 - 1955 |accessdate=2016-03-16|last=Parsch|first=Andreas|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles|pages=Appendix 1|quote= }} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/old-missiles.html#_Missiles_AF5155|title=\\Air Force designations 1951 - 195 |accessdate=2016-03-16|last=Parsch|first=Andreas|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles|pages=Appendix 1|quote= }} 24. ^Miller, Jay, The X-Planes, 1988, Arlington, Texas: Aerofax,Inc., {{ISBN|0-517-56749-0}}, page 82 25. ^Includes 1 flown for the SCEL as SC-31 and another flown for the same agency as SM1.01.{{cite book |last1=Van Allen |first1=James A. |last2=Townsend |first2=Jr.|editor-last=Newell |editor-first=Homer E. |title=Sounding Rockets |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location= |date=1959 |pages=68–69 |chapter=Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket |isbn= |lastauthoramp=y}} 26. ^Miller, Jay, The X-Planes, 1988, Arlington, Texas: Aerofax,Inc., {{ISBN|0-517-56749-0}}, page 80 27. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Miller |first=Jay |date=1988 |title=The X-Planes X-1 to X-31 |publisher=Aerofax (for Orion Books). |location=Arlington, Texas |isbn=0-517-56749-0 |page=82}} 28. ^{{cite book |last1=Van Allen |first1=James A. |last2=Townsend |first2=Jr.|editor-last=Newell |editor-first=Homer E. |title=Sounding Rockets |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location= |date=1959 |page=68 |chapter=Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket |isbn= |lastauthoramp=y}} 29. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Miller |first=Jay |date=1988 |title=The X-Planes X-1 to X-31 |publisher=Aerofax (for Orion Books). |location=Arlington, Texas |isbn=0-517-56749-0 |page=80}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/n-2.html |title=Aerojet General RM-84/PWN-2 Aerobee-Hi (and earlier Aerobee variants) |publisher=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles |accessdate=2015-08-14}} 31. ^{{cite book |title= "We Develop Missiles, Not Air!" The Legacy of Early Missile, Rocket, Instrumentation, and Aeromedical Research Development at Holloman Air Force Base, Project Manhigh, Holloman Air Force Base Cultural Resources Publication No. 2 |last= |first= |year=June 1995 |publisher=United States Air Force |location=Holloman AFB, NM. |isbn= |page=106}} 32. ^{{cite book |title="We Develop Missiles, Not Air!" The Legacy of Early Missile, Rocket, Instrumentation, and Aeromedical Research Development at Holloman Air Force Base, Project Manhigh, Holloman Air Force Base Cultural Resources Publication No. 2 |last= |first= |year=June 1995 |publisher=United States Air Force |location=Holloman AFB, NM. |isbn= |page=106}} 33. ^{{cite book|last=Miller |first=Jay |date=1988 |title=The X-Planes X-1 to X-31 |publisher=Aerofax (for Orion Books). |location=Arlington, Texas |isbn=0-517-56749-0 |page=81}} 34. ^{{cite book |last= |first= |date=June 1995 |title='We Develop Missiles, Not Air!' The Legacy of Early Missile, Rocket, Instrumentation, and Aeromedical Research Development at Holloman Air Force Base, Project Manhigh, Holloman Air Force Base Cultural Resources Publication No. 2 |publisher=United States Air Force |location=Holloman AFB, NM. |isbn= |page=108}} 35. ^{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Charles P., Jr. |date=February 1958 |title=Naval Research Laboratory Report No. 4276 Upper Atmospheric Research Report Number XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings |publisher=Naval Research Laboratory |location=Washington D.C. |pages=46–47 (Aerobe USAF-1) |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADB957191 |format=pdf |accessdate=10 March 2016}} 36. ^{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Charles P., Jr. |date=February 1958 |title=Naval Research Laboratory Report No. 4276 Upper Atmospheric Research Report Number XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings |publisher=Naval Research Laboratory |location=Washington D.C. |pages=48–55 (Aerobe USAF-2 to 5) |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADB957191 |format=pdf |accessdate=10 March 2016}} 37. ^{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Charles P., Jr. |date=February 1958 |title=Naval Research Laboratory Report No. 4276 Upper Atmospheric Research Report Number XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings |publisher=Naval Research Laboratory |location=Washington D.C. |pages=56–57 (Aerobe USAF-6) |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADB957191 |format=pdf |accessdate=10 March 2016}} 38. ^{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Charles P., Jr. |date=February 1958 |title=Naval Research Laboratory Report No. 4276 Upper Atmospheric Research Report Number XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings |publisher=Naval Research Laboratory |location=Washington D.C. |pages=46–186 (Aerobe USAF-1) |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADB957191 |format=pdf |accessdate=10 March 2016}} 39. ^{{cite book |last1=Van Allen |first1=James A. |last2=Townsend |first2=Jr.|editor-last=Newell |editor-first=Homer E. |title=Sounding Rockets |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location= |date=1959 |pages=Table 4-3 |chapter=Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket |isbn= |lastauthoramp=y}} External links{{commons category|Aerojet X-8}}
4 : Sounding rockets of the United States|United States experimental aircraft 1950–1959|Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States|Aerojet aircraft |
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