| 词条 | Fred A. Leuchter |
| 释义 |
| residence = Malden, Massachusetts, U.S. | other_names = | image = | birth_name = Fred Arthur Leuchter Jr. | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|2|7}} | birth_place = Malden, Massachusetts | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | known = Manufacturer of execution equipment; author of Holocaust denial literature and speeches[1] | occupation = | title = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | relations = | website = | footnotes = | employer = }}Fred Arthur Leuchter Jr. (born February 7, 1943) is an American Holocaust denier who is best known as the author of the Leuchter report, a pseudoscientific document[1] that alleges there were no gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Prior to this, he had been contracted by the authorities of several states in the U.S. to improve the design of instruments for capital punishment. Leuchter was charged in Massachusetts with having misrepresented himself to penitentiaries as an engineer, despite having no relevant qualifications; Leuchter plea bargained with state prosecutors, and received two years probation. He has also been accused of running a "death row shakedown", in which Leuchter threatened to testify for the defense in capital cases if he was not given contracts for his services by that state.[1][4][5] Leuchter became internationally known for his testimony in defense of Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel in 1988. His study for Zündel's trial has been referred to as the Leuchter Report[2] since it was published by Zündel with that title. Leuchter's work is often presented by Holocaust deniers as scientifically-based evidence for Holocaust denial, despite his research methods and findings having been widely discredited on both scientific and historical grounds. Leuchter, and his report, are the subject of The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr., a 1999 feature-length documentary film by Errol Morris. Education and career prior to Leuchter reportLeuchter was born on February 7, 1943, to Fred Arthur Leuchter Sr. in Malden, Massachusetts.[3][4] Leuchter received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Boston University in 1964. He holds patents for a geodetic instrument and an electronic sextant.[5] Fred Leuchter AssociatesLeuchter started Fred Leuchter Associates,{{when|reason=Whole section is un-'timed'|date=January 2019}} with which he sold services to several states to help them maintain, improve, document, and ascertain the effectiveness of their equipment for administration of capital punishment.[6] His initial work was with electric chairs, starting in Tennessee. Leuchter's broader claims are that his work in this area is humanitarian, providing greater respect for both guards and those to be executed. He also claims that he offered his services at considerable economy: off-the-shelf parts, labor, and a 20% profit.[7] By his own account, consultation among various state government agencies spread his reputation from Tennessee to other states, and further assignments followed. Leuchter "aggressively solicited business," and in 1985 the state of New Jersey purchased Leuchter's proposal for a lethal injection system for $30,000.[8] Zündel trial and investigation at AuschwitzIn 1988 Leuchter was hired by Ernst Zündel, who was being tried in Canada for publishing works of Holocaust denial, to investigate and testify as an expert witness at his trial, for a fee of $30,000.[9] Leuchter was recommended to Zündel by Bill Armontrout, warden for Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City, Missouri. In his capacity as warden, Armontrout was personally responsible for carrying out executions by the use of cyanide gas.[7] Leuchter traveled to Auschwitz and Birkenau to examine the structures identified by guards, prisoners, and investigators, as gas chambers, and concluded that they could not have been used for mass murder. Zündel's Samisdat Publications published his findings as The Leuchter Report: An Engineering Report on the Alleged Execution Chambers at Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Majdanek Poland (published in England as Auschwitz: The End of the Line: The Leuchter Report - The First Forensic Examination of Auschwitz), which the court accepted only as evidentiary display and not as direct evidence. Leuchter was therefore required to explain it and to testify to the validity of his conclusions under oath during the trial. His report was republished and translated by various denial organizations, and he has since lectured on it and his subsequent experiences.[7] Protests were organized in response to his lectures.[10] In 1988, prior to releasing the report, Leuchter had traveled to several sites of structures identified as gas chambers, where, although he did not have permission to do so, he collected samples from walls, ceilings and floors, using a chisel and hammer to chip and scrape off pieces of the masonry. He took copious notes about the floor plans and layout, and all of his actions were videotaped by a cameraman. (Leuchter, who had married only about one month before the trip, told his wife that the trip to Auschwitz-Birkenau was their honeymoon.[7]) Leuchter then brought the samples back to Boston, where he presented them to Alpha Analytical Laboratories, a chemical laboratory, for testing. Leuchter told Alpha only that he would use the samples as evidence in a court case about an industrial accident. The lab tested them for exposure to cyanide and found trace amounts in the crematoria, which Leuchter dismissed in his report: {{quote|text=It is notable that almost all the samples were negative and that the few that were positive were very close to the detection level (1mg/kg); 6.7 mg/kg at Krema III; 7.9 mg/kg at Krema I. The absence of any consequential readings at any of the tested locations as compared to the control sample reading 1050 mg/kg supports the evidence that these facilities were not execution gas chambers. The small quantities detected would indicate that at some point these buildings were deloused with Zyklon B—as were all the buildings at all these facilities.}}Leuchter compared the low amounts in the Krema to the higher readings in his positive control sample. Lab manager James Roth testified under oath to the results at the trial. It was only after he got off the stand that Roth learned what the trial was about. In an interview for Morris' film, Roth states that cyanide would have formed an extremely fine layer on the walls, to the depth of one-tenth of a human hair. Leuchter had taken samples of indeterminate thickness (he is seen in Morris' film hammering at the bricks with a rock hammer). Not informed of this, Roth had pulverized the entire samples, thus severely diluting the cyanide-containing layer of each sample with an indeterminate amount of brick, varying for each sample. Roth offers the analogy that the tests were like "analyzing paint on a wall by analyzing the timber that's behind it."[7] Leuchter did not examine the walls of the gas chambers until 50 years after they had been used; his critics note that it would have been virtually impossible to discover any cyanide at all using his method. In fact, tests conducted on ventilation grates immediately after the end of the war showed substantial amounts of cyanide. The chambers were demolished by the Nazis when they abandoned Auschwitz, and the facilities Leuchter examined were, in fact, partially reconstructed. Leuchter was unaware that parts of the camp and chambers had been reconstructed, so he had no way of knowing if the bricks he was scraping had actually been used in the original gas chamber.{{cn|date=March 2018}} Leuchter claimed that the relatively low concentration of cyanide residue measured in his samples of the remains of the gas chambers in Auschwitz, compared to his samples of the "delousing chambers" in which clothes were deloused using the same gas, hydrogen cyanide, excluded the possibility of them being used to kill humans. His report assumed that lower concentrations are required for delousing than to kill humans and other warm blooded creatures; in fact, with their simpler structures and slower metabolisms, insects are more resistant to such gross metabolic poisons than mammals. Both toxicological study and practical experience demonstrate that it takes a much higher concentration of cyanide (16,000 parts per million) to kill insects than to kill humans (300 ppm), as well as an exposure time of many hours rather than only minutes.[11] Leuchter also failed to explain his belief that Zyklon-B was used only for delousing, in view of his belief that the product would present technical difficulties in ventilating and decontaminating such as to make it impractical for use in a gas chamber. Nor did he explain why such large chambers would be needed for delousing clothes.{{cn|date=March 2018}} Leuchter also wrongly assumed that it would take 20 to 30 hours to air a room disinfected with Zyklon-B. Since far lower concentrations are required when gassing people than for delousing, it would take only 20 to 30 minutes to air out the room, therefore, the forced ventilation systems used would be more than adequate to allow the gas chambers to be operated without endangering the executioners.{{cn|date=March 2018}} Leuchter's report also made claims about the capacity of the crematoria, although he admitted he had no experience with cremation technology. When questioned in court, Leuchter admitted he had never seen a document by the Waffen SS Commandant for construction issued when the crematoria were constructed, which estimated they had a 24-hour capacity of 4,756 people, more than 30 times Leuchter's estimate of 156.[12] Life and career after Leuchter reportProtests were organized outside the court house in Canada, and near Leuchter's home in Malden, Massachusetts. Despite the bad publicity Leuchter remained active until 1990, when his lack of qualifications to practice was exposed.[13][14] In the late 1980s, following the Ernst Zündel trial, he was featured in both the Atlantic Monthly[15] and Prime Time Live in items on capital punishment, neither of which mentioned his association with Zündel. Also following his involvement in the Zündel trial, Leuchter began lecturing to Holocaust denial groups such as the Institute for Historical Review (IHR) about his research and continued belief in the conclusions he testified to in the trial.[16] A speech to the Eleventh IHR Conference in October, 1992, included the following remark: In this case, it is myself that I post mortem — and the cadaver isn't dead! Much to the dismay of my executioners, the execution was so badly botched that I am able to stand here before you to speak the truth, and to tell the world that it is not myself, but the Holocaust story that is dead. I repeat for the record: I was condemned for maintaining that there were no execution gas chambers as Auschwitz, Birkenau, Majdanek, Dachau, Mauthausen, or Hartheim Castle. There's no proof for the charge, only innuendo, lies, and half-truths. Robert Faurisson, Ernst Zundel and others said this first. They, too, live as victims of botched executions, but nevertheless free to speak the truth in a strong and growing voice that repeats: No gas chambers, no gas chambers, no damn gas chambers!{{parabr}}Because I was somewhat naïve at the time, I was not aware that by so testifying I was offending the organized world Jewish community. By providing final, definitive proof that there were no execution gas chambers utilized for genocidal purposes by the Germans at these wartime camps, I established the simple fact that the Holocaust story is not true. What I did not know was that anyone expressing such beliefs is guilty of a capital crime: that of thinking and telling the unspeakable truth about the greatest lie of the age.{{parabr}}I would have to pay for this crime. While I innocently told the truth in Toronto, plans were made, and subsequently implemented, for a major effort to destroy me. If I could be destroyed and discredited — so the reasoning went — no one would accept my professional findings, no matter how truthful.[25] When he tried to sell parts of a lethal injection machine and other items from Fred Leuchter Associates, many of which were part of projects done for states who had refused to pay him for previously contracted or agreed work, he was again charged.[17] Leuchter claimed that the Massachusetts Attorney General had to explain that the sale of the offered equipment was not, in fact, illegal. His wife divorced him in this same period.[7] Furthermore, states started to deny his contracts on the basis of his lack of qualifications.[18] Leuchter was arrested in and shortly thereafter deported from the United Kingdom in November 1991.[19] He had been banned from entering the country by the Home Office and his entry and presence in the country was therefore considered illegal.[20] Leuchter claimed that United States consulate personnel effectively refused him aid. He had been interrupted while giving an invited speech at David Irving's instigation; his talk followed immediately one by Robert Faurisson. Leuchter has blamed criticism of his work on an "international cabal... those who have unjustly attacked me and violated my rights... the Klarsfelds, Shapiros, and Kahns of the world".[1][21] According to the Institute for Historical Review, Leuchter subsequently took employment as a "telephone solicitor."[22] According to The New York Times, before selling execution equipment Leuchter had been a dealer in military surveillance equipment.[23] On October 24, 1990 The New York Times described him as "self-proclaimed execution expert and manufacturer of death machinery."[24] It quoted Dr. Edward A. Brunner, chairman of the anesthesia department at Northwestern University Medical School, as saying Leuchter's lethal injection system would indeed paralyze a condemned criminal with Pavulon, but far from being humane this paralysis would merely stop the prisoner from screaming at the "extreme pain in the form of a severe burning sensation" caused by the potassium chloride injection. Potassium chloride is commonly used in judicial execution through lethal injection. Allegations of dishonest court appearancesIn 1990 Newsweek reported Alabama Assistant Attorney General Ed Carnes having called Leuchter's views on the gas chamber "unorthodox," and alleging that "Leuchter was running a death row shakedown scheme: if a state didn't purchase Leuchter's services, he would testify at the last minute for the condemned man that the state's death chamber might malfunction."[25] The Associated Press quoted Carnes as claiming that Leuchter made "money on both sides of the fence."[26][27] In his memorandum to death penalty states, Carnes observed that in Florida and Virginia the federal courts had rejected Leuchter's testimony as unreliable.[28][29] The court in Florida had found that Leuchter had "misquoted the statements" contained in an important affidavit and had "inaccurately surmised" a crucial premise of his conclusion.[30] In Virginia, Leuchter provided a death row inmate's attorney with an affidavit claiming the electric chair would fail.[31] The Virginia court decided the credibility of Leuchter's affidavit was limited because Leuchter was "the refused contractor who bid to replace the electrodes in the Virginia chair."[32] Charges of practicing without a licenseIn 1991 Leuchter faced charges of practicing engineering without a license issued by the Board of Registration of Professional Engineers and of Land Surveyors, which regulates professional engineers, a violation of Massachusetts law.[33][45] As a result of those charges, Leuchter signed a consent decree with the board, in which he stated that he was not and had never been registered as a professional engineer, despite having represented himself as one.[34][35] He settled with prosecutors by serving two years of probation and agreeing to stop disseminating documents in which he presented himself as an engineer, including the Leuchter Report.[34][36] In a speech given over a year later, Leuchter claimed that: a spurious criminal complaint was filed against me in the Massachusetts court system with the intent of destroying my reputation by putting me in prison for three months.{{parabr}}In point of fact, a license is not required in Massachusetts, or any other state, unless the engineer is involved in construction of buildings, and is certifying compliance with specifications. There is also a statutory exemption for engineers who do not deal with the general public.{{parabr}}As confirmation of the spurious nature of this charge, it should be pointed out there are more than fifty thousand practicing engineers in Massachusetts, of whom only five thousand are licensed. Although the state's licensing law has been in effect since 1940, there has been no record of any prosecution for this offense.[37] In fact, the Board of Registration of Professional Engineers and of Land Surveyors licenses the following engineering professionals as of 2017: Aeronautical, Agricultural, Architectural, Chemical, Civil, Control Systems, Electrical, Environmental, Fire Protection, Heating & Ventilation, Industrial, Land Surveyor, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Mining and Mineral, Naval Architecture, Nuclear, Petroleum, Safety, Sanitary, Structural. The Board no longer, but has in the past, also licensed in the following disciplines: Aeronautical/Aerospace, Architectural Marine, Astronautical, Ceramic, Construction, Corrosion, Electronic, Engineering Physics, Geotechnical, Highway, Manufacturing, Marine, Materials, Plumbing, Quality, Railroad, Systems, Traffic, Transportation[38] Leuchter attributed the actions of the regulatory board against him to "Jewish pressure."[37] Repeating of Leuchter report's testsIn February 1990, Professor Jan Markiewicz, Director of the Forensic Institute of Cracow, redid the analysis. Markiewicz decided that the Prussian blue test was unreliable because it depended on the acidity of the environment, which was low in the gas chambers. Markiewicz and his team used microdiffusion techniques to test for cyanide in samples from the gas chambers, from delousing chambers, and from living areas elsewhere within Auschwitz. The negative control samples from the living quarters tested negative, while cyanide residue was found in both the delousing chambers and the gas chambers. The amount of cyanide found had a great variability, possibly due to 50 years of exposure to the elements to varying degrees,[39] but even so, the categorical results were that cyanide was found where expected in both the gas chambers and the delousing facilities, and not found in the living quarters, supporting the hypothesis that the gas chambers were exposed to high levels of cyanide like the delousing facilities, and not low levels for routine fumigation, like the living quarters.[40] Documentary{{main|Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr.}}Leuchter is the subject of a 1999 documentary by Errol Morris, entitled Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr.,[7] along with Ernst Zündel and David Irving. Robert Jan van Pelt, who appears in Mr. Death to specify some of Leuchter's scholarly failures (e.g. not consulting the large documentation archive available at Auschwitz), served as the primary expert witness against Irving at the libel trial of Deborah Lipstadt in 2000, relating to the court the strength of the physical and documentary evidence supporting the use of that camp for gassing.[41]Works
See also
References1. ^*"Leuchter and Rudolf have published pseudoscientific reports purporting to show that chemical residues present in the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau are incompatible with homicidal gassings." Green, Richard J. "Leuchter, Rudolf, and the Iron Blues". Retrieved on 2008-09-11.*"The Leuchter Report, a pseudo-scientific document which allegedly proves that Zyklon B was not used to exterminate human beings, was translated into Arabic and sold at the International Book Fair in Cairo in January 2001." Roth, Stephen. Stephen Roth Institute. Antisemitism Worldwide, 2000/1, University of Nebraska Press, 2002, p. 228.*"The turning point came in 1989, when Irving launched Fred Leuchter's pseudo-scientific Leuchter Report, which made the spurious claim that the absence of cyanide residues in the walls of the gas chambers at Auschwitz and other camps proved that they could not have functioned as mass extermination centres." Brinks, Jan Herman. Timms, Edward. Rock, Stella. Nationalist Myths and Modern Media, I.B. Tauris, 2006, p. 72.*"The Leuchter report, was, indeed, an amateurish report produced by a man with no expertise, either historical or forensic." Hirsh, David. Law Against Genocide. Routledge Cavendish, 2003, p. 134.*"Another common tactic of the deniers is to engage in historical inquiries that on the surface appear legitimate but upon close examination prove to be based on pseudo-science. One prominent example was the investigation of the Auschwitz gas chambers by Fred Leuchter [...]. Detailed study of the "Leuchter Report" revealed that it was based on erroneous assumptions (cyanide does not penetrate deeply into concrete). It also emerged that Leuchter had falsified his credentials and overstated his expertise. Despite this, his report is still cited by deniers." Cull, Nicholas John. Culbert, David Holbrook. Welch, David. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present, ABC-CLIO, 2003, p. 168.*"...the institute relied primary on the talents of a California-based publicist named Bradley Smith who packaged and promoted Leuchter's discredited material as if it were the very essence of "scientific research" or at least a tenable "point of view," intrinsically worthy of inclusion in the academic agenda..." Churchill, Ward. A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present. City Lights Books, 1997, p. 24.*"After the trial, both Irving and Zündel published the results of Leuchter's trial research as The Leuchter Report: The End of a Myth, despite the fact that the court rejected both the report and Leuchter's testimony. [...] The discredited report is popular in the Holocaust denial movement, and one edition features a foreword by Irving." Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. Grant, Diana R. Crimes of Hate: Selected Readings, SAGE Publications, 2003, p. 201.*"Leuchter's report contained a considerable amount of scientific, or, as it turned out, pseudo-scientific analysis of chemical residues on the gas chamber walls, and similar matters. It was quickly discredited, not least on the basis of Leuchter's failure adequately to defend his findings on the witness stand." Evans, Richard J. David Irving, Hitler and Holocaust Denial: Electronic Edition, Section 3.3c, The 1991 Edition of Hitler's War, Paragraph 13. Retrieved on 2008-09-12. 2. ^Leuchter, Fred A. (1998) [https://archive.org/details/TheLeuchterReport The Leuchter Report: The End of a Myth] Samisdat Publishers 3. ^{{Cite web| title = Fred A. Leuchter| work = United States Public Record Index| accessdate = 2015-08-12| quote= Frederick A. Leuchter; 7 Feb 1943; 172 Belmont St, Malden, MA, 02148-7719 and Frederick A. Leuchter; 7 Feb 1943; 22 Greenwood St, Melrose, MA, 02176-1176}} 4. ^{{cite web |url= |title=Fred Arthur Leuchter Jr. in the Massachusetts birth index 1901–1960 and 1967–1970 |date=1943 |accessdate=2015-08-15 |quote=Fred Arthur Leuchter Jr., 1943, Malden |publisher=Massachusetts }} 5. ^US Patents 3,968,570 and 4,339,198 6. ^Trombley, Stephen (1992) The Execution Protocol: Inside America's Capital Punishment Industry({{ISBN|0-517-59113-8}}) 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news | url=http://www.errolmorris.com/film/mrd_transcript.html| title=Mr. Death: Transcript|publisher=ErrolMorris.com| year=2006 | first=Errol | last=Morris | accessdate =2007-03-04}} 8. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1997/12/8797 | title=Searching for Humane Execution Machines | publisher=Wired News |date=December 1, 1997 | first=Craig | last=Bicknell | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 9. ^"... is said to have paid $30000 for Leuchter's report and his testimony." {{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/BG/lib00065,0EADDF0670860877.html | title=Death Machine Builder Under Scrutiny For Nazi Gas Report | newspaper=Boston Globe |date=October 1, 1990 | author=Staff | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 10. ^{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/WO/lib00067,0EADE828220303D7.html| title=Case Of Holocaust Revisionist Brings Protesters To Malden | newspaper=Worcester Telegram Gazette |date=January 23, 1991 | author=Associated Press | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 11. ^ ["Zyklon B"], The Nizkor Project, undated. 12. ^{{cite web|url=|title=Lipstadt on Leuchter's Qualifications as a Witness|last=Lipstadt|first=Deborah|authorlink=Deborah Lipstadt|work=from: Denying The Holocaust|publisher=The Nizkor Project|quote=He did not know of a report filed in June 1943 by the Waffen-SS commandant of construction at Auschwitz on the completion of the crematoria. The report indicated that the five crematoria had a total twenty-four-hour capacity of 4,756 bodies. Leuchter had stated that the crematoria had a total capacity of 156 bodies in the same period of time.|accessdate=6 March 2018}} 13. ^{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/WT/lib00179,0EB0EF119CC04CB2.html | title=Feelings erupt at trial over a license | newspaper=Washington Times |date=December 17, 1990 | author=Associated Press | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 14. ^{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30611F73B580C7B8DDDA90994D8494D81 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717063308/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30611F73B580C7B8DDDA90994D8494D81 | dead-url=yes | archive-date=July 17, 2012 | title=Dr. Death and His Wonderful Machine | newspaper=The New York Times | date=October 18, 1990 | author=Staff | accessdate=2008-03-11 }} 15. ^{{cite news |author=Lehman, Susan| url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199002/electric-chair | title=A Matter of Engineering | publisher=Atlantic Monthly |date=February 1990 | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 16. ^{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/BG/lib00065,0EADDF1EF8258A34.html | title=Holocaust Deniers Hold Area Meetings | newspaper=Boston Globe |date=December 9, 1990 | author=Staff | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 17. ^{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/SJ/lib00189,0EB71881CF0491C3.html | title=For Sale: Death Machine Discredited Consultant Resorts To Want Ads | newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |date=August 16, 1991 | author=Staff | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 18. ^{{cite news | url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28876359.xml?dids=28876359:28876359&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+18%2C+1990&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Expert+on+execution+denied+state+contract&pqatl=google | title=Expert on execution denied state contract | newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=August 18, 1990 | author=Staff | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 19. ^{{cite news | url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61548334.xml?dids=61548334:61548334&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+18%2C+1991&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=British+Officials+Oust+American+for+His+Views+on+Nazis'+Toll&pqatl=google | title=British Officials Oust American for His Views on Nazis' Toll | newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=November 18, 1991 | author=Staff | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 20. ^{{cite news | url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99675037.html?dids=99675037:99675037&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Oct+08%2C+1991&author=JONATHAN+FREEDLAND&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=UK+BANS+HOLOCAUST+REVISIONIST&pqatl=google | title=UK Bans Holocaust Revisionist | newspaper=Jerusalem Post |date=October 8, 1991 | first= Jonathan| last= Freedland| accessdate =2008-03-11}} 21. ^{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/MH/lib00246,0EB341EAD8C1976F.html | title=Execution Expert Denies Fraud, Says Enemies Trumped Up Charge | newspaper=Miami Herald |date=October 24, 1990 |author=Staff | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 22. ^"Telephone solicitor" is not a law-practice job but one involving making telephone calls to try to sell goods and services". "Fred Leuchter Needs Our Help," Journal of Historical Review (Institute for Historical Review), 13, no. 4 (July/August 1992), p. 27 23. ^{{cite news |author=Hinds, Michael deCourcy |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30614F9345D0C708DDDA90994D8494D81 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722225016/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30614F9345D0C708DDDA90994D8494D81 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 22, 2012 |title=Making Execution Humane (or Can It Be?) |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 13, 1990 |accessdate=2008-03-11 }} 24. ^Staff (October 24, 1990) [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/24/us/an-expert-on-executions-is-charged-with-fraud.html "An 'Expert' on Executions Is Charged With Fraud"], The New York Times. "A self-proclaimed execution expert and manufacturer of death machinery was charged today in a Middlesex County District Court with fraudulently practicing engineering. The man, Frederick A. Leuchter Jr., holds a bachelor's degree in history and is not licensed to practice engineering in Massachusetts, state officials said." 25. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | url=http://www.adl.org/issue_holocaust/leuchter-1993.asp | title=Fred A. Leuchter Jr.: An ADL Backgrounder | publisher=Anti-Defamation League | year=2001 | author=Staff | accessdate=2008-03-11 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007040631/http://www.adl.org/issue_holocaust/leuchter-1993.asp | archivedate=2008-10-07 | df= }} 26. ^1 Associated Press (October 24, 1990) 27. ^1 Lipstadt, Deborah E. (2005) History on Trial: My Day in Court with David Irving. Ecco. p.36 28. ^{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/SP/lib00249,0EB5D9DD9D2130AF.html | title=Woman's Exeuction Stayed Because Of Electric Chair | newspaper=St. Paul Pioneer Press |date=June 22, 1990 | author=Staff | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 29. ^{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/WT/lib00179,0EB0EEFBF65E7083.html | title=Execution `expert' called impostor | publisher=Washington Times |date=October 25, 1990 |author=Staff | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 30. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.fastcase.com/Google/Documents/ViewDocument.aspx?C=425f69a95344323ceded22ebe2d294f40256504aa9dd4b55&D=59d66c946097e42cf15ee2383b738afcedd0ef64b263feec | title=United States District Court, SD Alabama, SD | publisher=United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama | date=July 10, 1990 | first= | last= | accessdate=2008-03-11 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 31. ^{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/CSTB/lib00225,0EB373000FBCF273.html | title=Fired expert says execution device may malfunction | newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |date=August 26, 1990 | author=Staff | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 32. ^Newsweek (October 22, 1990) p.22 33. ^{{cite news | author=Associated Press | url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20613F63A5D0C738EDDAB0894D9494D81 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718110605/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20613F63A5D0C738EDDAB0894D9494D81 | dead-url=yes | archive-date=July 18, 2012 | title=Holocaust Skeptic Who Gives Advice on Death Faces Trial | newspaper=The New York Times | date=February 20, 1991 | accessdate=2008-03-11 }} 34. ^1 2 {{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/18/holocaust-revisionist-admits-he-is-not-engineer/b208816c-6c3c-481e-9d66-545a815f8f36/ | title= Holocaust Revisionist Admits He Is Not Engineer | newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 18, 1991 | first= Christopher B.| last= Daly| accessdate =2008-03-11}} 35. ^{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/RO/lib00084,0EAEA218C67D1DC7.html| title=Holocaust Revisionist Admits Lying Of Expertise | publisher=Roanoke Times |date=June 18, 1991 | author=Staff | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 36. ^{{cite news |author=Associated Press| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D81E30F930A25755C0A967958260 | title=Execution 'Engineer' Settles Criminal Case |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 13, 1991| quote=Mr. Leuchter (pronounced LOOT-cher), a native of the Boston suburb of Malden, builds electric chairs and other execution devices, and he was once one of the nation's leading advisers on the administering of capital punishment. ... | accessdate =2008-03-11}} 37. ^1 2 Leuchter, Fred A. Jr. (October 1992) [https://www.historiography-project.com/jhrchives/v12/v12p429_Leuchter.html "Is there life after persecution? The botched execution of Fred Leuchter" (presented at the 11th Institute for Historical Review conference)] JHR Archive 38. ^"Board of Registration of Professional Engineers and of Land Surveyors" 39. ^{{cite web | url=| title=Table VII. Results of Examination Concerning the Effect of Water upon the Concentration of Cyanide Ions in Plaster|publisher=Nizkor Project| date=March 8, 1994 | first=Jan | last=Markiewicz | accessdate = 2007-03-04}} 40. ^{{cite web | url=| title=A Study of the Cyanide Compounds Content in the Walls of the Gas Chambers in the Former Auschwitz & Birkenau Concentration Camps|publisher=Nizkor Project| date=March 8, 1994 | first=Jan | last=Markiewicz | accessdate = 2007-03-04}} 41. ^That testimony was printed as The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial ({{ISBN|0-253-34016-0}}). Van Pelt is also the co-author, with Deborah Dwork, of Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present. (New York: Norton, 1990) 42. ^"The Leuchter Report" External links
8 : 1943 births|Capital punishment in the United States|American Holocaust deniers|Living people|Boston University alumni|People from Malden, Massachusetts|People deported from the United Kingdom|American conspiracy theorists |
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