“Freddie Mercury”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Born in 1946 in Zanzibar to Parsi parents from India, he attended English-style boarding schools in India from the age of eight, and returned to Zanzibar after secondary school. In 1964, his family fled the Zanzibar Revolution, moving to Middlesex, England. Having studied and written music for years, he formed Queen in 1970 with guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor. Mercury wrote numerous hits for Queen, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", and "We Are the Champions". He also led a solo career and served as a producer and guest musician for other artists. Mercury died in 1991 at age 45 due to complications from AIDS. He confirmed the day before his death that he had contracted the disease.

As a member of Queen, Mercury was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003, and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004. In 1990, he and the band Queen were awarded the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music. In 1992 a tribute concert was held at Wembley Stadium, London. In 2002, Mercury ranked as number 58 in the BBC's 2002 poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. The 2018 film about Mercury and Queen, Bohemian Rhapsody, is the highest-grossing musical biographical film of all time. Rami Malek won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Mercury in the film, among critical praise and other accolades.

Early life

Mercury was born Farrokh Bulsara in Stone Town in the British protectorate of Zanzibar (present day Tanzania) on 5 September 1946.^[8]^[5] His parents, Bomi (1908–2003) and Jer (1922–2016) Bulsara,{{efn|The Bulsara family gets its name from Bulsar, a city and district that is now in the Indian state of Gujarat and is today officially known as Valsad. In the 17th century, Bulsar was one of the five centres of the Zoroastrian religion (the other four were also in what is today Gujarat) and consequently "Bulsara" is a relatively common name amongst Parsi Zoroastrians.}}^[6] were Parsis from the Gujarat region of the then-province of the Bombay Presidency in British India.{{efn|On Mercury's birth certificate,^[8] his parents identified as "Nationality: British Indian" and "Race: Parsi". The Parsis are an ethnic group of Persian origin and have lived on the Indian Subcontinent for more than one thousand years.}}^[8]

They had moved to Zanzibar so that Bomi could continue his job as a cashier at the British Colonial Office. As Parsis, the Bulsara family practised the Zoroastrian religion.^[7] Mercury had a younger sister, Kashmira Bulsara, who took her husband's surname after marrying Roger Cooke.^[8] He was born with four supernumerary incisors, to which he attributed his enhanced vocal range.^[9]^[10] As Zanzibar was a British protectorate until 1963, Mercury was born a British citizen. He remained so throughout his life.^[17]

Mercury spent most of his childhood in India where he began taking piano lessons at the age of seven while living with relatives.^[11] In 1954, at the age of eight, Mercury was sent to study at St. Peter's School, a British-style boarding school for boys, in Panchgani near Bombay.^[12] At the age of 12, he formed a school band, the Hectics, and covered rock and roll artists such as Cliff Richard and Little Richard.^[20]^[13] One of Mercury's former bandmates from the Hectics has said "the only music he listened to, and played, was Western pop music."^[14] A friend from the time recalls that he had "an uncanny ability to listen to the radio and replay what he heard on piano".^[23] It was also at St. Peter's where he began to call himself "Freddie". He also attended St. Mary's School, Mumbai.^[15] In February 1963 he moved back to Zanzibar where he joined his parents at their flat.^[16]

In 1964, Mercury and his family fled from Zanzibar to escape the violence of the revolution for independence,^[26] in which thousands of ethnic Arabs and Indians were killed.^[27] They moved into a small house at 22 Gladstone Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex, England. After first studying art at Isleworth Polytechnic in West London, Mercury studied graphic art and design at Ealing Art College, graduating with a diploma in 1969.^[2] He later used these skills to design heraldic arms for his band Queen.^[17]

Following graduation, Mercury joined a series of bands and sold second-hand clothes in Kensington Market in London with girlfriend Mary Austin. He also held a job as a baggage handler at Heathrow Airport.^[18] Friends from the time remember him as a quiet and shy young man with a great interest in music.^[31]

In 1969 he joined the Liverpool-based band Ibex, later renamed Wreckage. He lived briefly in a flat above a Liverpool pub, The Dovedale Towers.^[19]^[20] When this band failed to take off, he joined another called Sour Milk Sea, but by early 1970 this group had broken up as well.^[34]

In April 1970, Mercury teamed up with guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor, to become lead singer of their band Smile.^[2] They were joined by bassist John Deacon in 1971. Despite the reservations of the other members and Trident Studios, the band's initial management, Mercury chose the name "Queen" for the new band. He later said, "It's very regal obviously, and it sounds splendid. It's a strong name, very universal and immediate. I was certainly aware of the gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it."^[1] At about the same time, he legally changed his surname, Bulsara, to Mercury.^[37]

Shortly before the release of Queen's self-titled first album, Mercury designed the band's logo, known as the "Queen crest".^[38] The logo combines the zodiac signs of the four band members: two lions for Deacon and Taylor (sign Leo), a crab for May (Cancer), and two fairies for Mercury (Virgo).^[38] The lions embrace a stylised letter Q, the crab rests atop the letter with flames rising directly above it, and the fairies are each sheltering below a lion.^[38] A crown is shown inside the Q, and the whole logo is over-shadowed by an enormous phoenix. The Queen crest bears a passing resemblance to the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, particularly with the lion supporters.^[17]^[21]

Career

Singer

Although Mercury's speaking voice naturally fell in the baritone range, he delivered most songs in the tenor range.^[22] His known vocal range extended from bass low F (F2) to soprano high F (F6).^[23] He could belt up to tenor high F (F5).^[23] Biographer David Bret described his voice as "escalating within a few bars from a deep, throaty rock-growl to tender, vibrant tenor, then on to a high-pitched, perfect coloratura, pure and crystalline in the upper reaches."^[24] Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé, with whom Mercury recorded an album, expressed her opinion that "the difference between Freddie and almost all the other rock stars was that he was selling the voice".^[47] She adds,

A research team undertook a study in 2016 to understand the appeal behind Mercury's voice.^[26] Led by Professor Christian Herbst, the team identified his notably faster vibrato and use of subharmonics as unique characteristics of Mercury's voice, particularly in comparison to opera singers. They confirmed a vocal range from F#2 to G5 (just over 3 octaves) but were unable to confirm claims of a 4-octave range.^[27] The research team studied vocal samples from 23 commercially available Queen recordings, his solo work, and a series of interviews of the late artist. They also used an endoscopic video camera to study a rock singer brought in to imitate Mercury's singing voice.^[28]^[27]

Songwriter

Mercury wrote 10 of the 17 songs on Queen's Greatest Hits album: "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Seven Seas of Rhye", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy", "We Are the Champions", "Bicycle Race", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", and "Play the Game".^[29] In 2003 Mercury was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and in 2005 he was posthumously awarded an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.^[30]^[31]

The most notable aspect of his songwriting involved the wide range of genres that he used, which included, among other styles, rockabilly, progressive rock, heavy metal, gospel, and disco. As he explained in a 1986 interview, "I hate doing the same thing again and again and again. I like to see what's happening now in music, film and theatre and incorporate all of those things."^[57] Compared to many popular songwriters, Mercury also tended to write musically complex material. For example, "Bohemian Rhapsody" is non-cyclical in structure and comprises dozens of chords.^[58]^[59] He also wrote six songs from Queen II which deal with multiple key changes and complex material. "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", on the other hand, contains only a few chords. Although Mercury often wrote very intricate harmonies, he claimed that he could barely read music.^[60] He wrote most of his songs on the piano and used a wide variety of key signatures.^[58]

Live performer

Mercury was noted for his live performances, which were often delivered to stadium audiences around the world. He displayed a highly theatrical style that often evoked a great deal of participation from the crowd. A writer for The Spectator described him as "a performer out to tease, shock and ultimately charm his audience with various extravagant versions of himself."^[62] David Bowie, who performed at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and recorded the song "Under Pressure" with Queen, praised Mercury's performance style, saying: "Of all the more theatrical rock performers, Freddie took it further than the rest... he took it over the edge. And of course, I always admired a man who wears tights. I only saw him in concert once and as they say, he was definitely a man who could hold an audience in the palm of his hand."^[63] Queen guitarist Brian May wrote that Mercury could make "the last person at the back of the furthest stand in a stadium feel that he was connected".^[32] Mercury's main prop on stage was a broken microphone stand, which after accidentally snapping off the heavy base during an early performance, he realised could be used in endless ways.^[33]

One of Mercury's most notable performances with Queen took place at Live Aid in 1985.^[2] Queen's performance at the event has since been voted by a group of music executives as the greatest live performance in the history of rock music. The results were aired on a television program called "The World's Greatest Gigs".^[67]^[68] Mercury's powerful, sustained note during the a cappella section came to be known as "The Note Heard Round the World".^[34]^[35] In reviewing Live Aid in 2005, one critic wrote, "Those who compile lists of Great Rock Frontmen and award the top spots to Mick Jagger, Robert Plant, etc all are guilty of a terrible oversight. Freddie, as evidenced by his Dionysian Live Aid performance, was easily the most godlike of them all."^[71]

Over the course of his career, Mercury performed an estimated 700 concerts in countries around the world with Queen. A notable aspect of Queen concerts was the large scale involved.^[57] He once explained, "We're the Cecil B. DeMille of rock and roll, always wanting to do things bigger and better."^[57] The band was the first ever to play in South American stadiums, breaking worldwide records for concert attendance in the Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo in 1981.^[36] In 1986, Queen also played behind the Iron Curtain when they performed to a crowd of 80,000 in Budapest, in what was one of the biggest rock concerts ever held in Eastern Europe.^[37] Mercury's final live performance with Queen took place on 9 August 1986 at Knebworth Park in England and drew an attendance estimated as high as 160,000.^[76] With the British national anthem "God Save the Queen" playing at the end of the concert, Mercury's final act on stage saw him draped in a robe, holding a golden crown aloft, bidding farewell to the crowd.^[38]

Instrumentalist

As a young boy in India, Mercury received formal piano training up to the age of nine. Later on, while living in London, he learned guitar. Much of the music he liked was guitar-oriented: his favourite artists at the time were the Who, the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie, and Led Zeppelin. He was often self-deprecating about his skills on both instruments and from the early 1980s began extensively using guest keyboardists. Most notably, he enlisted Fred Mandel (a Canadian musician who also worked for Pink Floyd, Elton John, and Supertramp) for his first solo project. From 1982 Mercury collaborated with Morgan Fisher (performed with Queen in concert during the Hot Space leg),^[39] and from 1985 onward Mercury collaborated with Mike Moran (in the studio) and Spike Edney (in concert).^[79]

Mercury played the piano in many of Queen's most popular songs, including "Killer Queen", "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy", "We Are the Champions", "Somebody To Love", and "Don't Stop Me Now". He used concert grand pianos and, occasionally, other keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord. From 1980 onward, he also made frequent use of synthesisers in the studio. Queen guitarist Brian May claims that Mercury was unimpressed with his own abilities at the piano and used the instrument less over time because he wanted to walk around onstage and entertain the audience.^[80]^[40] Although he wrote many lines for the guitar, Mercury possessed only rudimentary skills on the instrument. Songs like "Ogre Battle" and "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" were composed on the guitar; the latter featured Mercury playing rhythm guitar on stage and in the studio.^[41]

Solo career

In addition to his work with Queen, Mercury put out two solo albums and several singles. Although his solo work was not as commercially successful as most Queen albums, the two off-Queen albums and several of the singles debuted in the top 10 of the UK Music Charts. His first solo effort goes back to 1972 under the pseudonym Larry Lurex, when Trident Studios' house engineer Robin Geoffrey Cable was working in a musical project, at the time when Queen were recording their debut album; Cable enlisted Mercury to perform lead vocals on the songs "I Can Hear Music" and "Goin' Back", both were released together as a single in 1973.^[1] Eleven years later, Mercury contributed to the Richard "Wolfie" Wolf remix of the song "Love Kills", used as the end title theme for National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1. The song was originally recorded in 1984, when it was included on the soundtrack for the restoration of the 1927 Fritz Lang film Metropolis. First written by Giorgio Moroder in collaboration with Mercury, and produced by Moroder and Mack, "Love Kills" debuted at the number 10 position in the UK Singles Chart.^[84] Mack also produced the 1987 single "Hold On" which Mercury recorded with actress Jo Dare for a German action drama Zabou.^[42]

Mercury's two full albums outside the band were Mr. Bad Guy (1985) and Barcelona (1988).^[2] His first album, Mr. Bad Guy, debuted in the top ten of the UK Album Charts.^[84] In 1993, a remix of "Living on My Own", a single from the album, posthumously reached number one on the UK Singles Charts. The song also garnered Mercury a posthumous Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.^[44] Allmusic critic Eduardo Rivadavia describes Mr. Bad Guy as "outstanding from start to finish" and expressed his view that Mercury "did a commendable job of stretching into uncharted territory".^[90] In particular, the album is heavily synthesiser-driven that is not characteristic of previous Queen albums.

His second album, Barcelona, recorded with Spanish soprano vocalist Montserrat Caballé, combines elements of popular music and opera. Many critics were uncertain what to make of the album; one referred to it as "the most bizarre CD of the year".^[91] The album was a commercial success,^[45] and the album's title track debuted at No. 8 in the UK and was also a hit in Spain.^[46] The title track received massive air play as the official anthem of the 1992 Summer Olympics (held in Barcelona one year after Mercury's death). Caballé sang it live at the opening of the Olympics with Mercury's part played on a screen, and again prior to the start of the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich in Barcelona.^[47]

In addition to the two solo albums, Mercury released several singles, including his own version of the hit "The Great Pretender" by the Platters, which debuted at No. 5 in the UK in 1987.^[48] In September 2006 a compilation album featuring Mercury's solo work was released in the UK in honour of what would have been his 60th birthday. The album debuted in the UK top 10.^[49]

In 1981–1983 Mercury recorded several tracks with Michael Jackson, including a demo of "State of Shock", "Victory", and "There Must Be More to Life Than This".^[50]^[51] None of these collaborations were officially released at the time, although bootleg recordings exist. Jackson went on to record the single "State of Shock" with Mick Jagger for the Jacksons' album Victory.^[52] Mercury included the solo version of "There Must Be More To Life Than This" on his Mr. Bad Guy album.^[53] "There Must Be More to Life Than This" was eventually reworked by Queen and released on their compilation album Queen Forever in 2014.^[54] In addition to working with Michael Jackson, Mercury and Roger Taylor sang on the title track for Billy Squier's 1982 studio release, Emotions in Motion and later contributed to two tracks on Squier's 1986 release, Enough Is Enough, providing vocals on "Love is the Hero" and musical arrangements on "Lady With a Tenor Sax".^[55]

Personal life

Relationships

In the early 1970s, Mercury had a long-term relationship with Mary Austin, whom he met through guitarist Brian May. He lived with Austin for several years in West Kensington, London. By the mid-1970s, he had begun an affair with a male American record executive at Elektra Records. In December 1976, Mercury told Austin of his sexuality, which ended their romantic relationship.^[56]^[104] Mercury moved out of the flat they shared, into 12 Stafford Terrace in Kensington and bought Austin a place of her own nearby.^[56] They remained close friends through the years, with Mercury often referring to her as his only true friend. In a 1985 interview, Mercury said of Austin, "All my lovers asked me why they couldn't replace Mary [Austin], but it's simply impossible. The only friend I've got is Mary, and I don't want anybody else. To me, she was my common-law wife. To me, it was a marriage. We believe in each other, that's enough for me."^[57] He also wrote several songs about Austin, the most notable of which is "Love of My Life".^[58] Mercury's final home, Garden Lodge, 1 Logan Place, a twenty-eight room Georgian mansion in Kensington set in a quarter-acre manicured garden surrounded by a high brick wall, had been picked out by Austin.^[108] Mercury was also the godfather of Austin's oldest son, Richard.^[80]

During the early- to mid-1980s, he was reportedly involved with Barbara Valentin, an Austrian actress, who is featured in the video for "It's a Hard Life".^[59]^[104] However, in another article, he said Valentin was "just a friend"; Mercury was actually dating German restaurateur Winfried Kirchberger during this time.^[60]

By 1985, he began another long-term relationship with Irish-born hairdresser Jim Hutton (1949–2010).^[61] Hutton, who tested HIV-positive in 1990, lived with Mercury for the last six years of his life, nursed him during his illness, and was present at his bedside when he died. Hutton said Mercury died wearing the wedding band that Hutton had given him.^[114] In his will, Mercury left his London home to Austin, rather than Hutton. He had told her, "You would have been my wife, and it would have been yours anyway."^[62]

Friendship with Kenny Everett

Radio DJ Kenny Everett first met Mercury in 1974 when he invited the singer onto his breakfast show on Capital London.^[116] As two of Britain's most flamboyant, outrageous, and popular entertainers, they shared much in common and instantly became close friends.^[116] Everett would play a major role in Queen's early success when, in 1975, armed with an advance copy of the single "Bohemian Rhapsody", Mercury went to see Everett.^[108] While privately Everett doubted any station would play the song due to its length at over 6 minutes, he said nothing to Mercury and placed the song on the turntable, and, after hearing it, enthused: "forget it, it's going to be number one for centuries".^[108] While Capital Radio had not officially accepted the song, the anarchic Everett would talk incessantly about a record he had but could not play, before the song "accidentally" started playing, with Everett stating: "Oops, my finger must've slipped."^[108] Capital's switchboard was jammed with callers wanting to know when the song was going to be released – on one occasion Everett aired the song 36 times in one day.^[116]^[63]

During the 1970s, their friendship became closer, with Everett becoming advisor and mentor to Mercury, and Mercury as Everett's confidante.^[116] Throughout the early-to mid-1980s, they continued to explore their homosexuality, as well as experimenting in drugs. Although they were never lovers, they did experience London night life on a regular basis together.^[116] By 1985, they had fallen out over a disagreement on their using and sharing of drugs, and their friendship was further strained when Everett was outed in the autobiography of his ex-wife "Lady Lee". Mercury took Lee's side.^[116] In 1989, when both were suffering from failing health, Mercury and Everett started talking again, and they were able to reconcile their differences.^[64]

Sexual orientation

While some commentators claimed Mercury hid his sexual orientation from the public,^[26]^[47]^[129] others claimed he was "openly gay".^[130]^[131] In December 1974, when asked directly, "So how about being bent?" by the New Musical Express, Mercury replied, "You're a crafty cow. Let's put it this way: there were times when I was young and green. It's a thing schoolboys go through. I've had my share of schoolboy pranks. I'm not going to elaborate further."^[65] Homosexual acts between adult males over the age of 21 had not been decriminalised in the United Kingdom until 1967, seven years earlier. In the 1980s during public events, Mercury often kept a distance from his partner, Jim Hutton.^[114]

During his career, Mercury's flamboyant stage performances sometimes led journalists to allude to his sexuality. Dave Dickson, reviewing Queen's performance at Wembley Arena in 1984 for Kerrang!, noted Mercury's "camp" addresses to the audience and even described him as a "posing, pouting, posturing tart".^[66] In 1992, John Marshall of Gay Times opined: "[Mercury] was a 'scene-queen,' not afraid to publicly express his gayness, but unwilling to analyse or justify his 'lifestyle'... It was as if Freddie Mercury was saying to the world, 'I am what I am. So what?' And that in itself for some was a statement."^[67] In an article for AfterElton, Robert Urban said: "Mercury did not ally himself to 'political outness,' or to LGBT causes."^[67]

Some have claimed Mercury was bisexual; for example, in regard to the creation of Celebrate Bisexuality Day, Wendy Curry said: "We were sitting around at one of the annual bi conventions, venting and someone – I think it was Gigi – said we should have a party. We all loved the great bisexual, Freddie Mercury. His birthday was in September, so why not Sept? We wanted a weekend day to ensure the most people would do something. Gigi's birthday was Sept 23rd. It fell on a weekend day, so, poof! We had a day."^[68]^[69] The Advocate said in May 2018, "Closeted throughout his life, Mercury, who was bisexual, engaged in affairs with men but referred to a woman he loved in his youth, Mary Austin, as "the love of his life," according to the biography Somebody to Love: The Life, Death, and Legacy of Freddie Mercury."^[70] Additionally, according to an obituary Mercury was a "self-confessed bisexual".^[71]^[72]

Personality

Although he cultivated a flamboyant stage personality, Mercury was shy and retiring when not performing, particularly around people he did not know well,^[23]^[47]^[144] and granted very few interviews. Mercury once said of himself: "When I'm performing I'm an extrovert, yet inside I'm a completely different man."^[145] While on stage, Mercury basked in the love from his audience; Kurt Cobain's suicide note mentions how he admired and envied the way Mercury "seemed to love, relish in the love and adoration from the crowd".^[73]^[74]

When asked by Melody Maker in 1981 if rock stars should use their power to try to shape the world for the better, Mercury responded, “Leave that to the politicians. Certain people can do that kind of thing, but very few. John Lennon was one. Because of his status he could do that kind of preaching and {{sic|effect}} people's thoughts. But to do this you have to have a certain amount of intellect and magic together, and the John Lennons are few and far between. People with mere talent, like me, have not got the ability or power.”^[75] Mercury dedicated a song to the former member of The Beatles. The "Life is Real (Song for Lennon)" is included in the 1982 album Hot Space.^[76]

In 1987, Mercury celebrated his 41st birthday at the Pikes Hotel, Ibiza, several months after discovering that he had contracted HIV.^[77] Mercury sought much comfort at the retreat and was a close friend of the owner, Anthony Pike, who described Mercury as "the most beautiful person I've ever met in my life. So entertaining and generous."^[78]

According to biographer Lesley-Ann Jones, Mercury "felt very much at home there. He played some tennis, lounged by the pool, and ventured out to the odd gay club or bar at night."^[79] The party, held on 5 September 1987, has been described as "the most incredible example of excess the Mediterranean island had ever seen", and was attended by some 700 people.^[80] A cake in the shape of Gaudi's Sagrada Família was provided for the party. The original cake collapsed and was replaced with a 2-metre-long sponge cake decorated with the notes from Mercury's song "Barcelona".^[78] The bill, which included 232 broken glasses, was presented to Queen's manager, Jim Beach.^[155]

==Illness== and also gave an interview for The Times in September 2006 for what would have been Mercury's 60th birthday.^[186]

Legacy

Continued popularity

The extent to which Mercury's death may have enhanced Queen's popularity is not clear. In the United States, where Queen's popularity had lagged in the 1980s, sales of Queen albums went up dramatically in 1992, the year following his death.^[188] In 1992, one American critic noted, "What cynics call the 'dead star' factor had come into play—Queen is in the middle of a major resurgence."^[189] The movie Wayne's World, which featured "Bohemian Rhapsody", also came out in 1992.^[100] According to the Recording Industry Association of America, Queen had sold 34.5 million albums in the United States by 2004, about half of which had been sold since Mercury's death in 1991.^[101]

Estimates of Queen's total worldwide record sales to date have been set as high as 300 million.^[193] In the United Kingdom, Queen have now spent more collective weeks on the UK Album Charts than any other musical act (including the Beatles),^[194] and Queen's Greatest Hits is the best-selling album of all time in the United Kingdom.^[195] Two of Mercury's songs, "We Are the Champions" and "Bohemian Rhapsody", have also each been voted as the greatest song of all time in major polls by Sony Ericsson^[196] and Guinness World Records.^[197] Both songs have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame; "Bohemian Rhapsody" in 2004 and "We Are the Champions" in 2009.^[103] In October 2007 the video for "Bohemian Rhapsody" was voted the greatest of all time by readers of Q magazine.^[199]

Since his death, Queen were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, and all four band members were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003.^[104]^[105] Their Rock Hall of Fame citation reads, “in the golden era of glam rock and gorgeously hyper-produced theatrical extravaganzas that defined one branch of '70s rock, no group came close in either concept or execution to Queen.”^[106] The band were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004. They received the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors in 2005, and in 2018 they were presented the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.^[31]^[107]

Posthumous Queen album

In November 1995, Mercury appeared posthumously on Queen's final studio album Made in Heaven.^[2]^[108] The album featured Mercury's previously unreleased final recordings from 1991, as well as outtakes from previous years and reworked versions of solo works by the surviving members.^[207] The album cover features the Freddie Mercury statue that overlooks Lake Geneva superimposed with Mercury's Duck House lake cabin that he had rented. This is where he had written and recorded his last songs at Mountain Studios.^[207] The sleeve of the album contains the words, "Dedicated to the immortal spirit of Freddie Mercury."^[109]

Featuring tracks such as "Too Much Love Will Kill You" and "Heaven for Everyone", the album also contains the song "Mother Love", the last vocal recording Mercury made prior to his death, which he completed using a drum machine, over which May, Taylor, and Deacon later added the instrumental track.^[110] After completing the penultimate verse, Mercury had told the band he "wasn't feeling that great" and stated, "I will finish it when I come back, next time”. However, he never made it back into the studio, so May later recorded the final verse of the song.^[111]

Tributes

A statue in Montreux, Switzerland, by sculptor Irena Sedlecká, was erected as a tribute to Mercury.^[112] It stands almost 10 feet (3 metres) high overlooking Lake Geneva and was unveiled on 25 November 1996 by Mercury's father and Montserrat Caballé, with bandmates Brian May and Roger Taylor also in attendance.^[113] Beginning in 2003 fans from around the world have gathered in Switzerland annually to pay tribute to the singer as part of the "Freddie Mercury Montreux Memorial Day" on the first weekend of September. The Bearpark And Esh Colliery Band played at the Freddie Mercury statue on 1 June 2010.^[214]

In 1997 the three remaining members of Queen released "No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)", a song dedicated to Mercury and all those that die too soon.^[114] In 1999 a Royal Mail stamp with an image of Mercury on stage was issued in his honour as part of the UK postal service's Millennium Stamp series.^[115]^[116] In 2009 a star commemorating Mercury was unveiled in Feltham, west London where his family moved upon arriving in England in 1964. The star in memory of Mercury's achievements was unveiled on Feltham High Street by his mother Jer Bulsara and Queen bandmate May.^[117]

A statue of Mercury stood over the entrance to the Dominion Theatre in London's West End from May 2002 to May 2014 for Queen and Ben Elton's musical We Will Rock You.^[118] A tribute to Queen was on display at the Fremont Street Experience in downtown Las Vegas throughout 2009 on its video canopy.^[119] In December 2009 a large model of Mercury wearing tartan was put on display in Edinburgh as publicity for the run of We Will Rock You at the Playhouse Theatre.^[120]

For Mercury's 65th birthday in 2011, Google dedicated their Google Doodle to him. It included an animation set to the Mercury penned song, "Don't Stop Me Now".^[121] Referring to "the late, great Freddie Mercury" in their 2012 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction speech, Guns N' Roses quoted Mercury's lyrics from his song "We Are the Champions"; "I've taken my bows, my curtain calls, you've brought me fame and fortune and everything that goes with it, and I thank you all."^[122]^[123]

Tribute was paid to Queen and Mercury at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The band's performance of "We Will Rock You" with Jessie J was opened with a video of Mercury's "call and response" routine from 1986's Wembley Stadium performance, with the 2012 crowd at the Olympic Stadium responding appropriately.^[124]^[125]

The frog genus Mercurana, discovered in 2013 in Kerala, India, was named as a tribute because Mercury's "vibrant music inspires the authors". In addition, the site of the discovery is very near to where Mercury spent most of his childhood.^[126] A new species of damselfly from Brazil was named Heteragrion freddiemercuryi in his honour, with the etymology: "I name this species after Freddie Mercury, artistic name of Farrokh Bulsara (1946–1991), superb and gifted musician and songwriter whose wonderful voice and talent still entertain millions of people around the world."^[127]

On 1 September 2016, an English Heritage blue plaque was unveiled at Mercury's home in 22 Gladstone Avenue in Feltham, west London by his sister Kashmira Cooke and Brian May.^[128] Attending the ceremony, Karen Bradley, the UK Secretary of State for Culture, called Mercury "one of Britain's most influential musicians", and added he "is a global icon whose music touched the lives of millions of people around the world".^[129] On 5 September 2016, the 70th anniversary of Mercury's birth, asteroid 17473 Freddiemercury was named after him.^[130] Issuing the certificate of designation to the "charismatic singer", Joel Parker of the Southwest Research Institute added: "Freddie Mercury sang, 'I'm a shooting star leaping through the sky' – and now that is even more true than ever before."^[130]

The airline Norwegian painted the tail fin of two of its aircraft with a portrait of Mercury to mark what would have been his 71st birthday in September 2017. Mercury is one of the company's six "British tail fin heroes", alongside England's 1966 FIFA World Cup winning captain Bobby Moore, children's author Roald Dahl, novelist Jane Austen, pioneering pilot Amy Johnson, and aviation entrepreneur Sir Freddie Laker.^[131]^[132]

Importance in AIDS history

As the first major rock star to die of AIDS, Mercury's death represented an important event in the history of the disease.^[235] In April 1992, the remaining members of Queen founded The Mercury Phoenix Trust and organised The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness, to celebrate the life and legacy of Mercury and raise money for AIDS research, which took place on 20 April 1992.^[236] The Mercury Phoenix Trust has since raised millions of pounds for various AIDS charities. The tribute concert, which took place at London's Wembley Stadium for an audience of 72,000, featured a wide variety of guests including Robert Plant (of Led Zeppelin), Roger Daltrey (of the Who), Extreme, Elton John, Metallica, David Bowie, Annie Lennox, Tony Iommi (of Black Sabbath), Guns N' Roses, Elizabeth Taylor, George Michael, Def Leppard, Seal, Liza Minnelli, and U2 (via satellite). Elizabeth Taylor spoke of Mercury as "an extraordinary rock star who rushed across our cultural landscape like a comet shooting across the sky".^[133] The concert was broadcast live to 76 countries and had an estimated viewing audience of 1 billion people.

Appearances in lists of influential individuals

Several popularity polls conducted over the past decade indicate that Freddie Mercury's reputation may, in fact, have been enhanced since his death. For instance, in a 2002 vote to determine who the UK public considers the greatest British people in history, Mercury was ranked 58 in the list of the 100 Greatest Britons, broadcast by the BBC.^[134] He was further listed at the 52nd spot in a 2007 Japanese national survey of the 100 most influential heroes.^[240] Despite the fact that he had been criticised by gay activists for hiding his HIV status, author Paul Russell included Mercury in his book The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present.^[241] In 2008, Rolling Stone ranked Mercury 18 on its list of the Top 100 Singers Of All Time.^[4] Mercury was voted the greatest male singer in MTV's 22 Greatest Voices in Music.^[130] In 2011 a Rolling Stone readers' pick placed Mercury in second place of the magazine's Best Lead Singers of All Time.^[73] In 2015, Billboard magazine placed him second on their list of the 25 Best Rock Frontmen (and Women) of All Time.^[135]

Portrayal on stage

On 24 November 1997, a monodrama about Freddie Mercury's life, titled The Afterlife and Times of a Rock God, opened in New York City.^[136] It presented Mercury in the hereafter: examining his life, seeking redemption and searching for his true self.^[137] The play was written and directed by Charles Messina and the part of Mercury was played by Khalid Gonçalves (né Paul Gonçalves) and then later, Amir Darvish.^[138] Billy Squier opened one of the shows with an acoustic performance of a song he had written about Mercury titled "I Have Watched You Fly".^[139]

In 2016 a musical titled Royal Vauxhall premiered at the Royal Vauxhall Tavern in Vauxhall, London. Written by Desmond O'Connor, the musical told the alleged tales of the nights that Mercury, Kenny Everett and Princess Diana spent out at the Royal Vauxhall Tavern in London in the 1980s.^[250] Following several successful runs in London, the musical was taken to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2016 starring Tom Giles as Mercury.^[140]

Portrayal in film and television

The 2018 biographical film Bohemian Rhapsody was, at its release, the highest-grossing musical biographical film of all time.^[141] Mercury was portrayed by Rami Malek, who received the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor, for his performance.^[142]^[143] While the film received mixed reviews and contained historical inaccuracies, it won the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture – Drama.^[144]^[145]^[146]

Mercury appeared as a supporting character in the BBC television drama Best Possible Taste: The Kenny Everett Story, first broadcast in October 2012. He was portrayed by actor James Floyd.^[147] He was played by actor John Blunt in The Freddie Mercury Story: Who Wants to Live Forever, first broadcast in the UK on Channel 5 in November 2016. Although the programme was criticised for focusing on Mercury's love life and sexuality, Blunt's performance and likeness to the singer did receive praise.^[148]

In 2018, David Avery portrayed Mercury in the Urban Myths comedy series in an episode focusing on the antics backstage at Live Aid, and Kayvan Novak portrayed Mercury in an episode titled "The Sex Pistols vs. Bill Grundy".^[149]^[150]^[151] He was also portrayed by Eric McCormack (as the character Will Truman) on Will & Grace in the October 2018 episode titled "Tex and the City". Will once wanted to be Freddie Mercury in a talent show when he was little, but his mother forbade it leading to Will dressing as Mercury at the end of Jack's grandson's talent show in Texas.^[152]

Discography

Notes

References

1. ^¹{{cite news |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/freddie-mercury-10-things-you-didnt-know-queen-singer-did-114828/ |title=Freddie Mercury: 10 Things You Didn’t Know Queen Singer Did |last=Runtagh |first=Jordan |date=23 November 2016 |magazine=Rolling Stone |publisher=Jann Wenner |access-date=23 August 2018 |dead-url=no |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823093059/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/freddie-mercury-10-things-you-didnt-know-queen-singer-did-114828/ }}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Freddie-Mercury|title=Freddie Mercury, British singer and songwriter|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=11 June 2015}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article675005.ece |title=Dance: Deux the fandango |accessdate=15 November 2008 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615085921/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article675005.ece |archivedate=15 June 2011 }}
4. ^¹²{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-singers-of-all-time-147019/freddie-mercury-5-225069/|title=RollingStone.com – 100 Greatest Singers of All Time|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=18 November 2018|date=3 December 2010}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inoutstar.com/news/Freddie-Mercury-real-name-Farrokh-Bulsara-1876.html |title=Freddie Mercury (real name Farrokh Bulsara) Biography |publisher=Inout Star |accessdate=11 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810151824/http://www.inoutstar.com/news/Freddie-Mercury-real-name-Farrokh-Bulsara-1876.html|archivedate=10 August 2011}}
6. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.brianmay.com/brian/brianssb/brianssbnov16a.html#07| title=Freddie's Mum – R.I.P.| author=May, Brian | date=18 November 2016|publisher=brianmay.com}}
7. ^{{citation|last=Sky|first=Rick|year=1992|title=The Show Must Go On|place=London|publisher= Fontana |isbn= 978-0-00-637843-3|pages==8–9}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/celebs-tv/freddie-always-champion-notts-relatives-160630|title=Why Freddie Mercury will always be the champion to his Notts relatives|date=12 August 2011|author=Canning, Tom }}
9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/review-bohemian-rhapsody-wont-rock-malek-223428252.html|title=Review: 'Bohemian Rhapsody' won't rock you, but Malek will|date=29 October 2018|first=Jake|last=Coyle|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Yahoo!}}
10. ^[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bohemian-rhapsody-rami-malek-sinking-ones-teeth-into-a-role/ "Bohemian Rhapsody": Sinking one's teeth into a role“]. CBS News. Retrieved 3 March 2019
11. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20100808050139/http://www.queenonline.com/history/35 Queen Online – History: Freddie Mercury], Archived on 8 August 2010.
12. ^¹{{harvnb|Jones|2011}}.
13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8828994/Freddie-Mercurys-family-tell-of-singers-pride-in-his-Asian-heritage.html|title=Freddie Mercury's family tell of singer's pride in his Asian heritage|last=Bhatia|first=Shekhar|date=16 October 2011|access-date=27 February 2018|issn=0307-1235}}
14. ^{{cite web| url = http://scroll.in/article/815380/freddie-bucky-mercury-the-12-year-old-rockstar-from-panchgani| title = 'Freddie Mercury was a prodigy': Rock star's Panchgani school bandmates remember 'Bucky'| last =Alikhan| first =Anvar| date =5 September 2016| website =Scroll.in| publisher = | access-date =5 September 2016 }}
15. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.thecanadianbazaar.com/migrating-to-Canada/freddie-mercury-the-indian-parsi-who-rocked-the-universe/| title = 'Freddie Mercury: The Indian Parsi who rocked the universe!| date = 23 November 2013| website = www.thecanadianbazaar.com }}
16. ^{{cite book|author=Jones, Lesley-Ann |page=327|title=Mercury: An Intimate Biography of Freddie Mercury|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MREqXyHCYxcC|date=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-6397-6}}
17. ^¹{{cite news |title=Queen – Best band logos |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/queen-best-band-logos/ |accessdate=7 March 2019 |agency=Ultimate Classic Rock}}
18. ^{{cite news |title=Freddie Mercury fans hit Heathrow to celebrate Queen star’s stint as a baggage handler |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/freddie-mercury-fans-hit-heathrow-to-celebrate-queen-star-s-stint-as-a-baggage-handler-bg5jkmjrv |accessdate=5 September 2018 |newspaper=The Times}}
19. ^{{citation|last=Hodkinson|first=Mark|title=Queen The Early Years|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7119-6012-1|page=117}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://musicblog.merseyblogs.co.uk/2008/07/the-pub-that-hosted-john-lenno.html |title=The pub that hosted John lennon and Freddie Mercury needs your band... – Liverpool Echo – Jade's Music Blog |publisher=Musicblog.merseyblogs.co.uk |date=8 August 2008 |accessdate=8 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202112938/http://musicblog.merseyblogs.co.uk/2008/07/the-pub-that-hosted-john-lenno.html |archivedate=2 February 2014 }}
21. ^¹²³{{cite web |url=http://www.famouslogos.net/queen-logo |title=Queen Logo|publisher=Famouslogos.net |accessdate=1 June 2016|date=6 October 2012}}
22. ^{{Citation |author1=Evans, David |author2=Peter Freestone |title=Freddie Mercury: an intimate memoir by the man who knew him best |publisher=Omnibus |location=London |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=AH8zZsbmB98C&pg=PA108|pages= 108–9 |isbn=978-0-7119-8674-9 }}
23. ^¹²{{Citation|last=Soto-Morettini|first=D.|title=Popular Singing: A Practical Guide To: Pop, Jazz, Blues, Rock, Country and Gospel|year=2006|publisher=A & C Black|isbn=978-0713672664}}
24. ^{{harvnb|Bret|1996|p=26}}.
25. ^O'Donnell, Jim (2013). Queen Magic: Freddie Mercury Tribute and Brian May Interview. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. {{ISBN|978-1491235393}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/04/25/475611808/why-freddie-mercurys-voice-was-so-great-as-explained-by-science |title=Why Freddie Mercury's Voice Was So Great, As Explained By Science|publisher=NPR News "All Things Considered" |date=25 April 2016 |website=NPR.org |access-date=30 April 2016}}
27. ^¹{{cite journal |first1=Christian T.|last1=Herbst|first2=Stellan|last2=Hertegard| first3=Daniel|last3= Zangger-Borch|first4= Per-Åke|last4= Lindestad |title=Freddie Mercury—acoustic analysis of speaking fundamental frequency, vibrato, and subharmonics |date=15 April 2016 | journal=Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology |volume=42 |pages=29–38|number=1 |doi=10.3109/14015439.2016.1156737|pmid=27079680}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/science/2016/04/19/scientists-explain-freddie-mercurys-incredible-singing-voice.html |title=Scientists explain Freddie Mercury's incredible singing voice|date=19 April 2005 |website=Foxnews.com |access-date=30 April 2016}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/greatest-hits-vols-1-2-r220568|title=Queen – Greatest Hits, Vols. 1|work=AllMusic|accessdate=27 September 2014}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/ceremony/entry/C3124/207916|title=2003 Award and Induction Ceremony: Queen|publisher=Songwritershalloffame.org|accessdate=8 January 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217214545/http://songwritershalloffame.org/ceremony/entry/C3124/207916|archivedate=17 December 2010}}
31. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2005/|title=The 50th Ivor Novello Awards|date=26 May 2005|publisher=The Ivors|website=theivors.com|access-date=8 January 2018}}
32. ^{{cite web|author1=May, Brian |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/happy-birthday-freddie-mercury.html |title=Happy birthday, Freddie Mercury |publisher=Googleblog.blogspot.com |date=4 September 2011 |accessdate=9 February 2014}}
33. ^{{cite book |last=Lenig |first=Stuart |date=2010 |title=The Twisted Tale of Glam Rock |location=Santa Barbara CA |publisher=Praeger |isbn= 978-0313379864 |page=81}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/feature/a658048/30-fun-facts-for-the-30th-birthday-of-live-aid/|title=30 fun facts for the 30th birthday of Live Aid|last=McKee|first=Briony|date=13 July 2015|website=Digital Spy|publisher=Hearst Corporation|access-date=26 February 2016}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/11/opinions/queen-live-aid-cnnphotos/|title=33 years later, Queen's Live Aid performance is still pure magic|last=Thomas|first=Holly|date=6 November 2018|work=CNN|access-date=18 November 2018}}
36. ^{{harvnb|Bret|1996|p=91}}.
37. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT85|title=Billboard – 16 Aug 1986|accessdate=27 September 2014|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|date=16 August 1986}}
38. ^{{cite news|last1=Grech|first1=Herman|title=Mercury's magic lives forever|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20111120/local/Mercury-s-magic-lives-forever.394705|issue=8 February 2015|newspaper=Times of Malta|date=20 November 2011}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.queenconcerts.com/live/queen.html|title=QUEEN CONCERTS – Complete Queen live concertography|last=Mr.Scully|website=www.queenconcerts.com|access-date=8 January 2018}}
40. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/freddie-mercury-death-anniversary-25-years-queen-things-you-may-not-know-a7436266.html|title=Freddie Mercury 25th anniversary: 5 things you may not know about the Queen legend|date=24 November 2016|first=Roisin|last=O'Connor|work=The Independent|access-date=21 January 2019}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426075034/http://www.queenonline.com/en/the-band/interviews/queen/circus-1980/|title=Lights! Action! Sound! It's That Crazy Little Thing Called Queen|publisher=Queenonline.com|accessdate=27 September 2014|date=1980}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Various-Zabou-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack/release/814203?lang_update=1|title=Zabou (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|publisher=discogs.com|accessdate=24 November 2016}}
43. ^{{cite news |title=Freddie Mercury: The Man, The Star … In His Own Words |url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/freddie-mercury-queen-quotes/ |accessdate=27 February 2018 |agency=Ultimate Classic Rock}}
44. ^{{harvnb|Rees|Crampton|1999|p=811}}.
45. ^Larkin, Colin (1998) The encyclopedia of popular music: Louvin, Charlie – Paul, Clarence, Volume 5. Macmillan. p. 3633. {{ISBN|9780333741344}}
46. ^{{harvnb|Rees|Crampton|1999|p=810}}.
47. ^{{cite news |title=World-renowned Spanish opera singer Montserrat Caballé who performed 'Barcelona' with Freddie Mercury, dies aged 85 |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/spanish-opera-singer-montserrat-caball-who-performed-barcelona-with-freddy-mercury-dies-aged-85-a3955101.html |accessdate=22 December 2018 |agency=London Evening Standard}}
48. ^¹²{{harvnb|Rees|Crampton|1999|p=809}}.
49. ^Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums. London: Guinness World Records Limited
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/songs/collabfreddie.htm|title=Freddie Mercury – Collaborations: Michael Jackson|publisher=Ultimatequeen.co.uk|accessdate=27 September 2014}}
51. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/freddie-mercury-10-things-you-didnt-know-queen-singer-did-w451918|title=Freddie Mercury: 10 Things You Didn't Know Queen Singer Did|work=Rolling Stone|access-date=27 February 2018}}
52. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&pg=PA90|page=90|title=Michael Jackson: the king of pop|accessdate=27 September 2014|isbn=9780828319577|last1=Campbell|first1=Lisa D.|date=January 1993}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/songs/mrbadguy.htm#there|title=There Must Be More To Life Than This|publisher=Ultimatequeen.co.uk|accessdate=27 September 2014}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/queen-forever-mw0002766073|title=Queen Forever – Queen {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=27 February 2018}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.queenvault.com/freddieplus.html|title=QueenVault.com – Freddie +|author=Unger, Adam |publisher=Queenvaultom|accessdate=27 September 2014}}
56. ^¹²{{harvnb|Jones|2011|p=3, Ch. 7, Mary}}
57. ^{{cite book|author=Jones, Lesley-Ann |page=83|title=Mercury: An Intimate Biography of Freddie Mercury|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MREqXyHCYxcC|date=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-6397-6}}
58. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/brian-may-discusses-unusual-beautiful-love-story-freddie-mercury-biopic-053041969.html |title=Brian May discusses the unusual, beautiful love story in Freddie Mercury biopic |last=Parker |first=Lyndsey |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=17 July 2018 |work=Yahoo! Entertainment |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313060657/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/brian-may-discusses-unusual-beautiful-love-story-freddie-mercury-biopic-053041969.html |archive-date=13 March 2018}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Freddie_Mercury_-_11-25-1991_-_The_Star_-_AIDS_Kills_The_King_of_Rock |title=The Star – AIDS Kills The King of Rock |publisher=Queen archives |date=25 November 1991 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}
60. ^{{citation |title=The Love of Sebastianseck | url = http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/musikgeschichten-die-liebe-vom-sebastianseck-1.872519 | last = Raab | first = Klaus | newspaper = Suddetsche Zeitung | date = 17 May 2010 | accessdate = 15 April 2017}}
61. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.independent.ie/national-news/partner-of-queen-star-freddie-buried-1997689.html |title=Partner of Queen star Freddie buried | last = Sweeney | first = Ken | newspaper=Irish Independent | location = Dublin |date = 4 January 2010 | accessdate =27 August 2010}}
62. ^{{cite interview |last =Austin |first =Mary |subject2= Freddie Mercury |interviewer=Midge Ure |title=The Mysterious Mr Mercury |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0171x1k |work=BBC Radio 4 |date=12 November 2011 |accessdate=12 November 2011}}
63. ^{{Citation | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/kenny-everett--the-best-possible-way-to-remember-a-true-pioneer-8191316.html | title = Kenny Everett – The best possible way to remember a true pioneer | newspaper = The Independent | accessdate = 19 January 2015| date = 30 September 2012 }}
64. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶"When Freddie Mercury Met Kenny Everett" (1 June 2002). Channel 4
65. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/bohemian-rhapsody-oscars-2019-rami-malek-backlash-controversy-freddie-mercury-queen-a8740806.html |title=Bohemian Rhapsody: Why the Oscar-nominated Queen biopic has suffered a backlash |accessdate=7 March 2019 |work=The Independent}}
66. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.queencuttings.com/dblog/articolo.asp?articolo=310 | title= Kerrang! – UK – Queen, Wembley Arena London | work=Queen Cuttings | accessdate=29 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007065922/http://www.queencuttings.com/images/80s/WembleyArena_05sept1984_rev.jpg|archivedate= 7 October 2007}}
67. ^¹{{Citation | first = Helen Hok-Sze | last = Leung| year=2009|isbn=9780774858298| title = Undercurrents: Queer Culture and Postcolonial Hong Kong | page = 88 | publisher = HBC Press}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.binetusa.org/regional/chicago/Chicago_Bi_Newsletter_CBD2013.pdf|title=Our Fence|author1=Oboza, Michael C. |date=2013|website=binetusa.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224011818/http://www.binetusa.org/regional/chicago/Chicago_Bi_Newsletter_CBD2013.pdf|archive-date=24 February 2018|dead-url=no|accessdate=19 February 2015}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.binetusa.org/bihistory2.html|title=A Brief History of the Bisexual Movement|last=|first=|date=30 June 1990|website=BiNet USA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923135539/http://www.binetusa.org/bihistory2.html|archive-date=23 September 2017|dead-url=no|accessdate=24 February 2018}}
70. ^{{cite web|last=Gilchrist |first=Tracy E. |url=https://www.advocate.com/film/2018/5/15/blink-and-youll-miss-freddie-mercurys-queerness-bohemian-rhapsody-teaser-trailer |title=Blink and You'll Miss Freddie Mercury's Queerness in Bohemian Rhapsody Teaser Trailer |publisher=Advocate.com |date=15 May 2018 |accessdate=30 December 2018}}
71. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_2546000/2546945.stm|title=1991: Giant of rock dies|date=1991-11-24|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-GB}}
72. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Freddie_Mercury_-_11-25-1991_-_The_Star_-_AIDS_Kills_The_King_of_Rock|title=Queen Interviews - Freddie Mercury - 11-25-1991 - The Star - AIDS Kills The King of Rock - Queen Archives: Freddie Mercury, Brian May, Roger Taylor, John Deacon, Interviews, Articles, Reviews|website=www.queenarchives.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-05}}
73. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/rolling-stone-readers-pick-the-best-lead-singers-of-all-time-20110412/2-freddie-mercury-0762142 | work = Readers Pick the Best Lead Singers of All Time | title = 2. Freddie Mercury |date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Rolling Stone |accessdate=9 March 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110415091916/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/photos/rolling-stone-readers-pick-the-best-lead-singers-of-all-time-20110412/2-freddie-mercury-0762142 |archivedate=15 April 2011}}
74. ^{{cite web | title = Kurt Cobain's Suicide Note | publisher = kurtcobainssuicidenote | url = http://kurtcobainssuicidenote.com/kurt_cobains_suicide_note.html | accessdate = 16 September 2016}}
75. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20181107103954/http://www.queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Freddie_Mercury_-_05-02-1981_-_Melody_Maker “Mercury interview for Melody Maker]. queenarchives.com (5 February 1981). Retrieved 28 February 2019
76. ^{{cite news |last1=Erlewine |first1=Stephen Thomas |title=Hot Space review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/hot-space-mw0000195391 |accessdate=2 March 2019}}
77. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Laura|title=Freddie Mercury: The biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uCPAit0AtUC&pg=PT138|date=2011|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-0-7481-2907-2|pages=187–190}}
78. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1700195.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105214745/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1700195.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=5 November 2013|author=Husband, Stuart|title=The Beach: Hedonism – LAST OF THE INTERNATIONAL; PLAYBOYS ; Pike's is a notorious Ibiza hotel where anything goes|publisher=The Independent, accessed via HighBeam Research|date=4 August 2002|accessdate=9 April 2013}}
79. ^{{harvnb|Jones|2011|p=212}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-61620222|title=Just months after finding out he had AIDS he threw the biggest and wildest birthday party for 700 people|publisher=The People, accessed via Questia Online Library|date=26 May 1996|accessdate=9 April 2013}}
81. ^ ****NOTE**** -->According to his partner Jim Hutton, Mercury was diagnosed with AIDS in late April 1987. Around that time, Mercury claimed in an interview to have tested negative for HIV. In October 1986, the British press reported that Mercury had his blood tested for HIV/AIDS at a Harley Street clinic. A reporter for The Sun, Hugh Whittow, questioned Mercury about the story at Heathrow Airport as he was returning from Japan. Mercury denied he had the disease.{{Citation | title = Do I Look Like I'm Dying Of Aids? Fumes Freddie | newspaper = The Sun | date = 18 October 1986|url=http://www.queencuttings.com/dblog/articolo.asp?articolo=191|author=Whittow, Hugh}}
82. ^{{harvnb|Bret|1996|p=138}}.
83. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/brit_awards/freddy.htm|title=The Highs and Lows of the Brit Awards|work=BBC|accessdate=27 September 2014|date=2 December 1999}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/artist/freddie-mercury |title=Queen, Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor, Brian May, BRITS 1990 |publisher=Brts.co.uk |accessdate=27 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007141855/http://www.brits.co.uk/artist/freddie-mercury |archivedate=7 October 2014 }}
85. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cloudcuckooland.biz/mercurysun1991.jpg|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921000826/http://www.cloudcuckooland.biz/mercurysun1991.jpg|archivedate=21 September 2011|title=Tragic Face of Freddie Mercury|date=29 April 1991|newspaper=The Sun}}
86. ^{{citation|last=Sky|first=Rick|year=1992|title=The Show Must Go On|place=London|publisher= Fontana |isbn= 978-0-00-637843-3|page=163}}
87. ^¹{{harvnb|Bret|1996|p=179}}.
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Brian_May_-_04-02-1993_-_Sacramento_Bee|title=Heir Apparent With Freddie Mercury Dead And Queen Disbanded, Brian May Carries On The Tradition|work=Sacramento Bee|accessdate=27 September 2014|date=4 February 1993}}
89. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/final-freddie-mercury-performance-discovered-2290788.html|title=Final Freddie Mercury performance discovered|work=The Independent|accessdate=27 September 2014|location=London|first=Adam|last=Sherwin|date=30 May 2011}}
90. ^¹²”Mary Austin Shares Her Memories” – March, 17th 2000. OK! Magazine. Retrieved 27 September 2014
91. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_2546000/2546945.stm|title=1991: Giant of rock dies|work=BBC|accessdate=27 September 2014|date=24 November 1991}}
92. ^{{cite web|url=http://teletext.mb21.co.uk/gallery/ceefax/cx_merc2.gif |title=CEEFAX: Singer Freddie Mercury dies, aged 45 |accessdate=4 September 2011}}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://mr-mercury.co.uk/sun_28_11_91.htm |title=Elton's Sad Farewell |publisher=Mr-mercury.co.uk |accessdate=27 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012022621/http://mr-mercury.co.uk/sun_28_11_91.htm |date=28 November 1991|archivedate=12 October 2014 }}
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://mr-mercury.co.uk/nov_28_91_mirror_freddie.htm |title=Freddie, I'll Love You Always |publisher=Mr-mercury.co.uk |accessdate=27 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012022809/http://mr-mercury.co.uk/nov_28_91_mirror_freddie.htm |archivedate=12 October 2014 }}
95. ^Bret, David (2014). Freddie Mercury: An Intimate Biography. Lulu. p. 198. {{ISBN|9781291811087}}
96. ^{{cite book|first=Jeremy|last=Simmonds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMBf3TYZigQC&pg=PA282|title=The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches|publisher=Chicago Review Press|date=2008|isbn=9781556527548|page=282}}
97. ^¹Womack, Kenneth and Davis, Todd F. (2012). Reading the Beatles: Cultural Studies, Literary Criticism, and the Fab Four. SUNY Press. p. 174. {{ISBN|9780791481967}}.
98. ^{{cite book|author=Humphreys, Rob |title=Rough Guide to London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4q0rAQAAIAAJ|date=2008|publisher=Rough Guides|page=338}}
99. ^{{cite news |first=Amy|last=Weller|title=If it wasn't for Freddie Mercury... 13 artists inspired by the Queen icon |url=https://www.gigwise.com/photos/84002/9/if-it-wasnt-for-freddie-mercury-13-artists-inspired-by-the-queen-icon |date=5 September 2013|accessdate=13 March 2018 |publisher=Gigwise}}
100. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=queen+waynes+world#v=onepage |title=Billboard 25 July 1992. p. 8 |date=25 July 1992|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. }}
101. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |title=Gold & Platinum – 22 November 2009 |publisher=RIAA |accessdate=22 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701163039/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |archivedate=1 July 2007 }}
102. ^{{cite news |title=Yes, you should start dressing like Freddie Mercury |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231115324/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/gallery/freddie-mercury-style-throughout-the-years |date=4 September 2018 |work=GQ|author=Bekhrad, Joobin }}
103. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame |title=Grammy Hall of Fame Award |work=The GRAMMYs |accessdate=27 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122042616/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame |archivedate=22 January 2011 }}
104. ^{{cite web|title=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Queen|url=http://rockhall.com/inductees/queen|year=2007|accessdate=6 February 2010}}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/ceremony/entry/C3124/207916|title=2003 Award and Induction Ceremony: Queen|publisher=Songwritershalloffame.org|accessdate=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217214545/http://songwritershalloffame.org/ceremony/entry/C3124/207916|archive-date=17 December 2010|dead-url=yes}}
106. ^{{cite news |title=Queen join rock royalty |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1230959.stm |date=20 March 2001|accessdate=26 October 2018 |agency=BBC}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/queen-tina-turner-to-receive-grammy-lifetime-achievement-award-w515260|title=Queen, Tina Turner to Receive Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award|date=10 January 2018|first=Jon|last=Blistein|website=Rolling Stone|access-date=8 March 2018}}
108. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/behind-the-albums/queen-made-in-heaven/|title=Made In Heaven: The Aptly Named Album That Drew The Curtain On Queen|last=Bell|first=Max|date=17 August 2017|website=uDiscoverMusic|access-date=24 February 2019}}
109. ^¹²{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218165829/http://www.queenonline.com/en/the-band/discography/made-heaven/|title=Made in Heaven|publisher=Queenonline.com|accessdate=27 September 2014|author=Brooks, Greg and Taylor, Gary }}
110. ^{{cite book|last1=Lemieux|first1=Patrick|title=The Queen Chronology: The Recording & Release History of the Band|date=2013|publisher=Lulu|page=86}}
111. ^¹²{{cite news|title=Inside the studio where Freddie Mercury sang his last song|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/10486116/Inside-the-studio-where-Freddie-Mercury-sang-his-last-song.html|work=The Telegraph|date=25 October 2015}}
112. ^{{cite news|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108061736/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/mercury-heavy-metal-and-a-jazz-explosion-20110323-1c6hc.html|title=Mercury, heavy metal and a jazz explosion|work=Traveller|accessdate=27 September 2014}}
113. ^{{cite web|url=http://montreuxmusic.com/fmm/content/view/61/96/lang,english/ |title=Montreuxmusic/Freddie Mercury |publisher=Montreuxmusic |date= |accessdate=7 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326014321/http://montreuxmusic.com/fmm/content/view/61/96/lang%2Cenglish/ |archivedate=26 March 2012 |deadurl=yes }}
114. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128163336/http://www.queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Queen_-_XX-XX-1997_-_No_One_But_You|title=Queen Press Release – No One But You|date=1997|publisher=Queenarchives.com|accessdate=27 September 2014}}
115. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/351568.stm|title=Mercury and Moore head millennium stamps|work=BBC News|accessdate=27 September 2014|date=24 May 1999}}
116. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collectgbstamps.co.uk/displayset.asp?setid=239 |title=Millennium Series. The Entertainers' Tale (1999) |publisher=Collect GB Stamps |accessdate=9 January 2011}}
117. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/4757372.In_pictures__Freddie_Mercury_memorial_unveiled/ |title=Freddie Mercury memorial unveiled in Feltham |work=Richmond and Twickenham Times |date=24 November 2009 |accessdate=9 January 2011}}
118. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/Misc/wewillrockintrocredits.htm |title=We Will Rock You – Introduction & Credits |publisher=Ultimatequeen.co.uk |accessdate=9 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223210255/http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/Misc/wewillrockintrocredits.htm |archivedate=23 February 2010 |df= }}
119. ^{{cite web|url=http://julian1st.wordpress.com/2009/01/17/las-vegasqueen-tribute-rocks-tourists-at-fremont-st-experience/ |title=Las Vegas...Queen tribute rocks tourists at Fremont St. experience! |website=Julian1st.wordpress.com |date=17 January 2009 |accessdate=9 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120710164048/http://julian1st.wordpress.com/2009/01/17/las-vegasqueen-tribute-rocks-tourists-at-fremont-st-experience/ |archivedate=10 July 2012 }}
120. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brianmay.com/queen/queennews/queennewsdec09a.html|title=Queen News – December 2009|publisher=Brianmay.com|accessdate=27 September 2014}}
121. ^{{cite news |title=Freddie Mercury Day is celebrated with Google doodle |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/google-doodle/8741526/Freddie-Mercury-Day-is-celebrated-with-Google-doodle.html |accessdate=18 November 2018 |work=The Telegraph}}
122. ^{{YouTube|d5c9BpEmU7g|"Guns N' Roses Quoted Queen's Freddie Mercury at RRHOF Induction Speech"}}. Retrieved 27 July 2012
123. ^Greene, Andy (23 April 2012). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/steven-adler-on-axl-rose-he-showed-his-true-colors-to-the-world-im-done-with-him-20120423 Steven Adler on Axl Rose: 'I'm Done With Him']. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 27 July 2012
124. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19195421|title=Olympics closing ceremony: A long goodbye to the Games|agency=BBC News|accessdate=27 September 2014|date=13 August 2012}}
125. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9472447/Record-TV-audience-for-Olympics-closing-ceremony.html|title=Record TV audience for Olympics Closing ceremony|date=13 August 2012|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=27 September 2014|location=London|first=Rosa|last=Silverman}}
126. ^{{cite journal |author1=Abraham, Robin Kurian |author2=Pyron, R. Alexander |author3=Ansil B. R. |author4=Zachariah, Arun |author5=Zachariah, Anil |year= 2013 |title= Two novel genera and one new species of treefrog (Anura: Rhacophoridae) highlight cryptic diversity in the Western Ghats of India |url= |journal= Zootaxa |volume=3640 |issue= 2 | pages= 177–189 |doi= 10.11646/zootaxa.3640.2.3}}
127. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3685.1.1|title = Diagnoses and discussion of the group 1 and 2 Brazilian species of Heteragrion, with descriptions of four new species (Odonata: Megapodagrionidae)|journal= Zootaxa |volume=3685 |issue=1|pages= 001–080|date =2013|last = Lencioni|first = F.A.A.}}
128. ^{{cite news|title=Blue Plaque unveiled on Freddie Mercury's first London home|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-37234409|agency=BBC News|date=2 September 2016}}
129. ^{{cite news|title=Freddie Mercury Awarded English Heritage Blue Plaque|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/freddie-mercury-blue-plaque|agency=English Heritage|date=11 November 2016}}
130. ^¹{{cite news|title=Freddie Mercury: Asteroid named after late Queen star to mark 70th birthday|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37275294|agency=BBC News|date=5 September 2016}}
131. ^{{cite web|last1=Caswell|first1=Mark|title=Freddie Mercury unveiled as Norwegian's latest tail fin hero|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2017/07/03/freddie-mercury-unveiled-norwegians-latest-tail-fin-hero/|work=Business Traveller|date=3 July 2017}}
132. ^{{cite web|last1=Munro|first1=Scott|title=Freddie Mercury's image to appear on Norwegian aircraft|url=http://teamrock.com/news/2017-06-30/freddie-mercurys-image-to-appear-on-norwegian-aircraft|website=Teamrock.com|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|accessdate=5 July 2017|date=30 June 2017}}
133. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Queen_-_04-21-1992_-_The_Times_-_Freddie_Mercury_Tribute|title=Freddie Mercury Tribute|publisher=Queenarchives.com|accessdate=27 September 2014}}
134. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm |title=BBC – 100 great British heroes |publisher=BBC News |date=21 August 2002 |accessdate=11 July 2010}}
135. ^{{cite news |title=The 25 Best Rock Frontmen (and Women) of All Time |url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/6721847/best-rock-singers-of-all-time |accessdate=10 March 2019 |work=Billboard}}
136. ^{{cite web|last=Lefkowitz |first=David |title=Freddie Mercury To Rise Again, Off-B'way, Nov. 24 |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/35833-Freddie-Mercury-To-Rise-Again-Off-Bway-Nov-24 |work=Playbill |date=24 November 1997 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021131502/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/35833-Freddie-Mercury-To-Rise-Again-Off-Bway-Nov-24 |archivedate=21 October 2012 }}
137. ^{{cite news|last=Marone|first=Mark|title=On Stage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA46|newspaper=Billboard|date=13 December 1997|page=46}}
138. ^{{cite web|authorlink1=Robert Simonson|last=Simonson |first=Robert |title=Bohemian Rhapsody: Freddy Mercury Play Begins Performances Off Broadway, Jan. 11 |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/83716-Bohemian-Rhapsody-Freddy-Mercury-Play-Begins-Performances-Off-Broadway-Jan-11 |work=Playbill |date=11 January 2004 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021131929/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/83716-Bohemian-Rhapsody-Freddy-Mercury-Play-Begins-Performances-Off-Broadway-Jan-11 |archivedate=21 October 2012 }}
139. ^{{cite news|last=Barron|first=James|title=PUBLIC LIVES; Theater Records|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E2DC153FF93BA25751C0A96E958260|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 February 1998|author2=Martin, Douglas}}
140. ^¹{{cite news |title=A cheeky trip down memory lane |url=https://edinburghfestival.list.co.uk/article/84245-royal-vauxhall/ |accessdate=21 July 2018 |agency=Edinburgh Festival}}
141. ^{{cite news |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |title='Bohemian Rhapsody' Remains Box Office Queen With Supersonic $285M Cume |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2018/11/11/bohemian-rhapsody-remains-box-office-queen-with-supersonic-285m-cume/ |work=Forbes |date=11 November 2018 }}
142. ^{{cite news |title=Rami Malek wins Leading Actor BAFTA 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p070j7gp |accessdate=7 March 2019 |agency=BBC}}
143. ^{{cite news |last1=Aridi |first1=Sara |title=2019 Oscar Winners: The Full List |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/movies/oscar-winners.html |accessdate=7 March 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=24 February 2019}}
144. ^{{citeweb|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/live/2019/jan/06/golden-globes-2019-live-latest-news-red-carpet-winners-list-speeches |title =Bohemian Rhapsody and Green Book defy odds at Golden Globes 2019 – as it happened|date=7 January 2019|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 March 2019}}
145. ^{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/bohemian-rhapsody-critics-reviews-roundup-rami-malek-1202990633/|title='Bohemian Rhapsody' Sees Mixed Reviews as Critics Praise Rami Malek|website=Variety|last=Yang|first=Rachel|date=23 October 2018|accessdate=24 October 2018}}
146. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/freddie-mercury-queen-biopic-bohemian-rhapsody-movie-fact-check-746195/|title=Fact-Checking the Queen Biopic, 'Bohemian Rhapsody'|website=Rolling Stone|last=Greene|first=Andy|date=1 November 2018|accessdate=8 November 2018}}
147. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00xzvlw|title=Best Possible Taste: The Kenny Everett Story|publisher=BBC|date=7 October 2012|accessdate=21 October 2012}}
148. ^{{Cite news |url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/11/20/the-freddie-mercury-story-blasted-for-wooden-acting-as-fans-get-all-emotional-over-queen-stars-death-6271514/ |title=Channel 5's Freddie Mercury doco-drama blasted for 'wooden' acting by fans |author=Nankervis, Troy |date=20 November 2016 |website=Metro |access-date=22 November 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222837/http://metro.co.uk/2016/11/20/the-freddie-mercury-story-blasted-for-wooden-acting-as-fans-get-all-emotional-over-queen-stars-death-6271514/ |archivedate=22 November 2016 |df= }}
149. ^{{Cite news |url=https://skyvision.sky.com/programme/20380/urban-myths-backstage-at-live-aid |title=Urban Myths: Backstage at Live Aid |agency=Sky.com|date=15 June 2018}}
150. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/urban_myths_backstage_at_live_aid/ |title=Urban Myths: Backstage At Live Aid |website=comedy.co.uk|date=15 June 2018}}
151. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2018/05/31/urban-myths-sex-pistols-vs-bill-grundy-review-highly-entertaining/ |title=Urban Myths: The Sex Pistols vs Bill Grundy, review|work=The Telegraph |date=15 June 2018}}
152. ^{{cite news |title=Will & Grace recap: The 5 best burns in season 10, episode 3 |url=https://hiddenremote.com/2018/10/18/will-grace-recap-best-burns-is10e3/ |accessdate=21 October 2018 |agency=Hidden Remote.com}}
153. ^¹{{citation|last=Aledort|first=And|title=Guitar Tacet for Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody| publisher = MIT | url= http://people.csail.mit.edu/custo/FTP/Chitarra/Bohemian%20rhapsody%20-QUEEN.txt |date=29 November 2003}}
154. ^¹{{citation| publisher =BBC News |title=Queen top UK album charts league|publication-date=4 July 2005 |location= London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4648611.stm | date=4 July 2005 | accessdate= 4 January 2010}}
155. ^¹{{citation| publisher =BBC News |title=Queen win greatest live gig poll|publication-date=9 November 2005 |location= London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4420308.stm | date=9 November 2005 | accessdate= 4 January 2010 }}
156. ^¹{{citation| publisher =BBC News |title=Zanzibar angry over Mercury bash|publication-date=1 September 2006 |location= London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5306792.stm | date=1 September 2006 | accessdate=4 January 2010 }}
157. ^¹{{citation| publisher =BBC News |title=Queen's rhapsody voted best video|publication-date= 8 October 2007 |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7033249.stm | date=8 October 2007 | accessdate=4 January 2010 }}
158. ^¹{{citation|publisher=Biography Channel |year=2007 |title=Freddie Mercury |location=London |url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/338:294/1/Freddie_Mercury.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013222952/http://thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/338%3A294/1/Freddie_Mercury.htm |archivedate=13 October 2007 }}
159. ^¹{{citation|editor-last=Bishton |editor-first=Derek |title=Freddie's rhapsody |date=31 August 2004 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/main.jhtml?xml=/travel/2004/08/31/etmontreux2908.xml |first=Christopher |last=Middleton |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112230851/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/main.jhtml?xml=%2Ftravel%2F2004%2F08%2F31%2Fetmontreux2908.xml |archivedate=12 January 2008 |accessdate=2 May 2010 |deadurl=yes }}
160. ^¹{{citation|last=Blaikie |first=Thomas |date=7 December 1996 |title=Camping at High Altitude |periodical=The Spectator |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199612/ai_n8756422 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113202736/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199612/ai_n8756422 |archivedate=13 November 2007 |df= }}
161. ^¹{{citation|last=Bradley|first=J.|date=20 July 1992 |title= Mercury soars in opera CD: Bizarre album may be cult classic|periodical=The Denver Post|publisher=MNG|location=Denver}}
162. ^¹{{citation|last=Brown|first=G.|date=19 April 1992|title=Queen's popularity takes ironic turn |periodical= The Denver Post | at = Section D |publisher=MNG|location= Denver}}
163. ^¹{{citation|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=16 November 2006|title=Queen are the champions in all-time album sales chart|periodical=The Guardian|location=London|url= http://music.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1948792,00.html}}
164. ^¹²³{{citation|last=Cain|first=Matthew|year=2006|title=Freddie Mercury: A Kind of Magic|publisher=British Film Institute|location=London|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQ1cfoMWRpQ | at = 9:00/Roger Taylor}}.
165. ^¹{{citation|work=CNN |date=9 May 2002 |title=Queen in Rhapsody over hit award |location=Atlanta |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/05/08/uk.queen/index.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109224410/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/05/08/uk.queen/index.html |archivedate=9 November 2007}}
166. ^¹{{citation|editor-last=Coleman|editor-first=Ray|title=The Man Who Would Be Queen|periodical=Melody Maker |date= 2 May 1981 |url=http://queenarchives.com/viewtopic.php?t=26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020050854/http://www.queenarchives.com/viewtopic.php?t=26 |archivedate=20 October 2007 |accessdate=24 September 2009 | type = interview}}
167. ^¹{{citation|last=Cota |first=Erich Adolfo Moncada |title=Queen Proves There's Life After Freddie |publisher=Oh my news |location=Seoul |date=25 January 2006 |url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?article_class=6&no=270701&rel_no=1 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624113941/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?article_class=6&no=270701&rel_no=1 |archivedate=24 June 2007 }}
168. ^¹{{citation|last=Das|first=Lina|title=The Great Pretender |periodical=The Mail on Sunday |location= London |year= 2006|publication-date=26 November 2000 |url=http://www.queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Freddie_Mercury_-_11-26-2000_-_Mail_on_Sunday |accessdate=24 September 2009}}
169. ^¹²{{citation|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Liam|title=Farrokh Bulsara|series=60 Years of Asian Heroes|periodical=Time Magazine, Asia Edition|volume=168|issue=21|date=13 November 2006|publisher=Time Asia|location=Hong Kong |url=http://time.com/time/asia/2006/heroes/at_bulsara.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228152302/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2006/heroes/at_bulsara.html|archivedate=28 December 2008}}
170. ^¹{{citation|last=Haines|first=Lester|date=29 September 2005|title= 'We Are the Champions' voted world's fave song|work=The Register|location=London|url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/09/29/world_music_poll/}}
171. ^¹{{citation|last=Harris|first=John|date=14 January 2005|title=The Sins of St Freddie|periodical= Guardian on Friday|location=London |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/harris/story/0,,1411006,00.html}}
172. ^¹²{{citation|last=Highleyman |first=Liz |date=9 September 2005 |title=Who was Freddie Mercury? |periodical=Seattle Gay News |volume=33 |issue=36 |url=http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews36/page20.cfm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011074210/http://sgn.org/sgnnews36/page20.cfm |archivedate=11 October 2007 }}
173. ^¹{{citation|last=Hodkinson|first=Mark|year=2004|title=Queen: The Early Years|place=London|publisher=Omnibus Press |isbn= 978-1-84449-012-7|pages=2, 61}}
174. ^¹²{{citation|last=Hutton |first=Jim |date=22 October 1994 |title=Freddie and Jim, A Love Story |publisher=The Guardian |newspaper=Weekend magazine" |url=http://queen.peoples.ru/html/archive/stati/fred_jim3.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012094422/http://queen.peoples.ru/html/archive/stati/fred_jim3.htm |archivedate=12 October 2007 }}
{{citation|last=Hutton|first=Jim|last2=Waspshott|first2=Tim|year=1994|title=Mercury and Me|place= London |publisher= Bloomsbury|isbn=978-0-7475-1922-5}}
175. ^¹{{citation|title=Depp tipped for Freddie Mercury film role|publication-date=December 2006|location=UK|work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/depp-tipped-for-freddie-mercury-film-role-429639.html | date= December 2006| accessdate=25 February 2011}}
176. ^¹²{{citation|last=Jackson|first=Laura|year=1997|title=Mercury: The King of Queen|place=London|publisher=Smith Gryphon|isbn=978-1-85685-132-9}}
177. ^¹{{citation|author="James"|date=1 April 2007|title=NTV program review: History's 100 Most Influential People: Hero Edition|url=http://www.japanprobe.com/?p=1471|publisher=japanprobe.com|location=Saitama|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501044711/http://www.japanprobe.com/?p=1471|archivedate=1 May 2007}}
178. ^¹²{{citation|last=Januszczak|first=Waldemar|title=Star of India|date=17 November 1996|periodical=The Sunday Times|location=London|url=http://queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Freddie_Mercury_-_11-17-1996_-_Sunday_Times}}
179. ^¹{{citation|last=Jones|first=Tim|title=How Great Thou Art, King Freddie|date=July 1999|periodical=Record Collector|url=http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Stadium/5025/RC.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Stadium/5025/RC.html&date=2009-10-25+10:58:55|archivedate=25 October 2009|deadurl=yes}}
180. ^¹{{citation|last=Landesman|first=Cosmo|title=Freddie, a Very Private Rock Star|date=10 September 2006|periodical=The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article634052.ece |location=London| accessdate=2 May 2010}}
181. ^¹²³{{citation|author=Linda B |date=5 October 2000 |title=Certificate of Birth |location=Chorley |publisher=Mr Mercury |url=http://mr-mercury.co.uk/Images/Birthcertificatefreddie.jpg |format=JPEG |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228103923/http://mr-mercury.co.uk/Images/Birthcertificatefreddie.jpg |archivedate=28 February 2008 }}
182. ^¹²{{citation|last=Longfellow|first=Matthew|date=21 March 2006|title=Classic Albums: Queen: The Making of "A Night at the Opera|publisher=Eagle Rock Entertainment|location=Aldershot}}.
183. ^¹²{{citation|last=O'Donnell|first=Lisa|title=Freddie Mercury, WSSU professor were boyhood friends in India, Zanzibar|date=7 July 2005 |periodical=RelishNow! |accessdate=24 September 2009|url=http://www.journalnow.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=WSJ/MGArticle/WSJ_RelishArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1031783665319&path=!entertainment!music&s=1037645508978|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080218010236/http://www.journalnow.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=WSJ/MGArticle/WSJ_RelishArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1031783665319&path=!entertainment!music&s=1037645508978|dead-url=yes|archive-date=18 February 2008}}
184. ^¹{{citation|last=Minchin|first=Ryan|title=The World's Greatest Gigs|year=2005|publisher=Initial Film & Television|location=London|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ob5NpdkH5Dw}}.
185. ^¹{{citation|last=Myers|first=Paul|title=Queen star dies after Aids statement|date=25 November 1991|periodical=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1650611,00.html?=rss | location=London | accessdate=2 May 2010}}
186. ^¹{{citation|author=National AIDS Trust|year=2006|title=25 years of HIV – a UK perspective|publisher=National AIDS Trust press office|location=London|url=http://www.worldaidsday.org/about3.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222111814/http://www.worldaidsday.org/about3.asp|archivedate=22 December 2006}}
187. ^¹{{citation|last=Plekhanov|first=Sergey|title=A Reformer on the Throne: Sultan Qaboos Bin Said Al Said|year=2004|publisher=Trident Press Ltd|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-U8BL-tEPLwC|isbn=978-1-900724-70-8|page=91}}
188. ^¹²{{citation|last=Ressner|first=Jeffry|title=Queen singer is rock's first major AIDS casualty|date=9 January 1992|periodical=Rolling Stone|volume=621|url=http://queenzone.com/queenzone/article_show.aspx?q=96|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312060354/http://www.queenzone.com/queenzone/article_show.aspx?q=96|archivedate=12 March 2007}}
189. ^¹²{{citation|author=Queen|chapter=Bohemian Rhapsody|title=Queen: Greatest Hits: Off the Record|year=1992|publisher=Barnes Music Engraving|location=Eastbourne/Hastings|isbn=978-0-86359-950-7}}
190. ^¹{{citation|title=Gold and Platinum Record Database |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America |accessdate=16 September 2016 |location=Washington |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626050454/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |archivedate=26 June 2007 }}
191. ^¹{{citation|last=Rivadavia|first=Eduardo | title=Mr. Bad Guy (Overview)|work=AllMusic|location=Ann Arbor|url={{Allmusic |class=album|id=r12964|pure_url=yes}}}}
192. ^¹{{citation|last=Russell|first=Paul|year=2002|title=The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present|publisher=Kensington/Citadel|location=Seacaucus|isbn=978-0-7582-0100-3 | url = http://www.adherents.com/people/100_gay.html}}
193. ^¹{{citation|last=Skala|first=Martin|title=Concertography Freddie Mercury live Early days |year= 2006 |location= Plzen, Czech Republic|publisher=queenconcerts.com|url=http://www.queenconcerts.com/live/freddie-mercury/early.html}}
194. ^¹{{citation|editor-last=Stothard|editor-first=Peter|title=Freddie Tribute|date=26 April 1992 |periodical= The Times|publisher=Times Newspapers|location=London|url=http://www.queenarchives.com/viewtopic.php?t=389 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005014649/http://www.queenarchives.com/viewtopic.php?t=389 |archivedate=5 October 2007}}
195. ^¹{{citation|last=Davis|first=Andy|year=1996|title=Queen Before Queen|periodical=Record Collector |volume= 3 |issue= 199|url=http://www.freddie.ru/e/archives/qbq/1.html}}
196. ^¹{{citation|last=Sutcliffe|first=Phil|last2=Hince|first2=Peter|last3=Mack|first3=Reinhold|year=2009|title= Queen: The Ultimate Illustrated History of the Crown Kings of Rock|place= London|isbn= 978-0-7603-3719-6 |publisher= Voyageur Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=adNONbUWLjgC&pg=PT22|page=22}}
197. ^¹²{{citation|last=Teckman|first=Kate|year=2004|title=Freddie's Loves|publisher=North One Television |location= London}} {{YouTube|3VgL1oFexjY|*part 2*}}
198. ^¹{{citation|last=Teeman|first=Tim|date=7 September 2006|title=I Couldn't Bear to See Freddie Wasting Away|periodical=The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article630033.ece |location= London|accessdate=2 May 2010}}
199. ^¹²³{{citation|last=Wenner|first=Jann|chapter=Queen|title=Hall of Fame Inductees|publisher=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |location= Cleveland|year=2001|chapter-url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/queen}}
200. ^¹²{{citation|last=Wigg|first=David|title=Mercury Left Me His Millions|publication-date=22 January 2000 |periodical= Daily Mail Weekend|url= http://www.freddie.ru/e/archives/daily_mail/}}