| 词条 | Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence |
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable | name = The Lord Pethick-Lawrence | honorific-suffix = PC | image =File:British Political Personalities 1936-1945 HU59768.jpg | imagesize =200px | caption =Lord Pethick-Lawrence arriving at 10 Downing Street | order1 = Financial Secretary to the Treasury | term_start1 = 11 June 1929 | term_end1 = 24 August 1931 | monarch1 = George V | primeminister1 = Ramsay MacDonald | predecessor1 = Arthur Samuel | successor1 = Walter Elliot | order2 = Secretary of State for India and Burma | term_start2 = 3 August 1945 | term_end2 = 1947 | monarch2 = George VI | primeminister2 = Clement Attlee | predecessor2 = Leo Amery | successor2 = The Earl of Listowel | birth_date = {{Birth-date|28 December 1871|}} | birth_place = London | death_date = {{Death-date and age|10 September 1961|28 December 1871}} | death_place = Hendon, London | nationality = British | party = Labour | alma_mater = Trinity College, Cambridge | spouse = (1) Emmeline Pethick (d. 1954) (2) Helen Craggs }} Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence, PC (28 December 1871 – 10 September 1961) was a British Labour politician, and campaigned for women’s suffrage. Background and educationBorn Frederick Lawrence in London, he was the son of wealthy Unitarians who were members of the Liberal Party. Three of his father's brothers, William, James, and Edwin, were politically active in various roles, including as Lord Mayor of London and as members of parliament. Frederick was educated at Wixenford,[1] Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge,[2] where he was a member of Cambridge University Liberal Club.[3] He then became a barrister. Political careerLawrence met and fell in love with Emmeline Pethick, an active socialist and campaigner for women's votes. They finally married in 1901 after Lawrence converted to socialism. They kept separate bank accounts and they both took the surname 'Pethick Lawrence' (later Pethick-Lawrence).[4] He published various left-wing newspapers, including Votes for Women and became involved in the Labour Party. His involvement in the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), on behalf of women's rights, led to him serving a nine-month prison sentence in 1912, following Christabel Pankhurst's window-smashing campaign, even though he had disagreed with that form of action; because of his disagreement, indeed, he was expelled from the WSPU by Emmeline Pankhurst and Christabel. On account of his prison sentence he was expelled from the Reform Club[5] Early in the First World War Pethick-Lawrence joined with others in founding the Union of Democratic Control (UDC), a leading anti-war organisation of which he became Treasurer. After acceptance by a Tribunal in Dorking in 1918, he worked on a farm in Sussex as a conscientious objector. In 1923 Pethick-Lawrence was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Leicester West, and was Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 1929 until the formation of the National Government in 1931; in the ensuing General Election and the rout of the Labour Party he lost his seat. He was elected for Edinburgh East in 1935 and sworn of the Privy Council in 1937.[6] From 1942 acted as Leader of the Opposition to the coalition government. In 1945 Pethick-Lawrence was elevated to the peerage as Baron Pethick-Lawrence, of Peaslake in the County of Surrey.[7] From 1945 to 1947 he was Secretary of State for India and Burma, with a seat in the cabinet, and was involved in the negotiations that led to India's independence in 1947. Prime Minister Clement Attlee, however, made all the government's major decisions regarding India.[8] Personal lifeHis first wife, Emmeline, Lady Pethick-Lawrence, died in 1954. Lord Pethwick-Lawrence later married Helen Craggs. He died at Hendon, London, in September 1961, aged 89. Posthumous recognitionHis name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018.[9][10][11] References1. ^Brian Harrison, ‘Lawrence, Frederick William Pethick-, Baron Pethick-Lawrence (1871–1961)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online biography at oxforddnb.com, January 2011, accessed 4 September 2013 (subscription required) 2. ^{{acad|id=LWRN891FW|name=Lawrence [post Pethick-Lawrence], Frederick William}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://keynessociety.wordpress.com/about-the-keynes-society/ |title=About us « Keynes Society |publisher=Keynessociety.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-27}} 4. ^Brian Harrison, 'Lawrence, Emmeline Pethick-, Lady Pethick-Lawrence (1867–1954)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2006 accessed 17 Nov 2007 5. ^Women, Clubs and Associations in Britain Doughan & Gordon, 2006, page 19 6. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34407 |date=11 June 1937 |page=3731 }} 7. ^{{London Gazette|issue=37234 |date=21 August 1945 |page=4227 }} 8. ^Kenneth Harris, Attlee (1982) p 362. 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/historic-statue-of-suffragist-leader-millicent-fawcett-unveiled-in-parliament-square|title=Historic statue of suffragist leader Millicent Fawcett unveiled in Parliament Square|publisher=Gov.uk|accessdate=24 April 2018|date=24 April 2018}} 10. ^{{cite news|last=Topping|first=Alexandra|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/apr/24/first-statue-of-a-woman-in-parliament-square-millicent-fawcett|title=First statue of a woman in Parliament Square unveiled|work=The Guardian|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=24 April 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/millicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez/ |title=Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth |publisher=iNews |date= |accessdate=2018-04-25}} External links
| title = Financial Secretary to the Treasury | years = 1929–1931 | before = Arthur Samuel | after = Walter Elliot }}{{Succession box|title=Leader of the Opposition|before=Hastings Lees-Smith|after=Arthur Greenwood|years=1942}}{{Succession box| title=Secretary of State for India and Burma | before=Leo Amery | after=The Earl of Listowel | years=1945–1947}}{{s-reg|uk}}{{s-new|creation}}{{s-ttl |title = Baron Pethick-Lawrence |years = 1945–1961 }}{{s-non|reason = Extinct}}{{s-end}}{{Leaders of the Opposition UK}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Pethick-Lawrence, Frederick}} 20 : 1871 births|1961 deaths|Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies|Scottish Labour Party MPs|Members of the Fabian Society Executive Committee|Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Edinburgh constituencies|Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom|People educated at Eton College|People educated at Wixenford School|British Secretaries of State|Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom|UK MPs 1923–24|UK MPs 1924–29|UK MPs 1929–31|UK MPs 1935–45|Presidents of The Cambridge Union|British conscientious objectors|Labour Party (UK) hereditary peers|British politicians convicted of crimes|Foreign Office personnel of World War II |
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