词条 | Western Climate Initiative |
释义 |
|name = Western Climate Initiative |image = |image_border = |size = |caption = |abbreviation = WCI |motto = |formation = February 2007 |extinction = |type = Coalition |status = |purpose = Reduce global warming and ocean acidification, promote energy efficiency and clean energy investments |headquarters = (none) |location = |region_served = |membership = Current or former partners: Arizona, California, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec Current or former observers: Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada, Wyoming, Saskatchewan, Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Sonora and Tamaulipas |language = |leader_title = |leader_name = |main_organ = |parent_organization = |affiliations = |num_staff = |num_volunteers = |budget = |website = Western Climate Initiative |remarks = }} The Western Climate Initiative, or WCI, was started in February 2007 by the governors of five western U.S. states (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington) with the goal of developing a multi-sector, market-based program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. HistoryThe Western Climate Initiative, or WCI, was started in February 2007 by the governors of Arizona, California, New Mexico, Oregon and Washington to evaluate and implement ways to reduce their states's emissions of greenhouse gases and achieve related co-benefits.[1] These states and future participants in the initiative (collectively known as WCI "partners") also committed to set an overall regional goal to reduce emissions (set in August 2007 as 15 percent below 2005 emission levels by 2020),[2] participate in a cross-border greenhouse gas registry to consistently measure and track emissions, and adopt clean tailpipe standards for passenger vehicles. By July 2008, the initiative had expanded to include two more U.S. states (Montana and Utah) and four Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec). Together, these partners comprised 20 percent of U.S. GDP and 76 percent of Canadian GDP.[3] Goals and design{{Update|date=February 2019}}The most ambitious and controversial objective of the WCI was to develop a multi-sector, market-based program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Detailed design recommendations for a regional cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions were released by the WCI in September 2008 and July 2010.[4] By December 2011, California and Quebec adopted regulations based on these recommendations. (The WCI has no regulatory authority of its own.) Key administrative aspects of the regional cap-and-trade program are being implemented in 2012. Power plants, refineries, and other large emitters must comply with the cap in 2013. Other greenhouse gas emission sources, such as suppliers of transportation fuels, must comply with the cap beginning in 2015. Among other things, the Western Climate Initiative lays the foundation for a North American cap-and-trade program, not only in its design and implementation, but in its potential acceptance of greenhouse gas emissions offsets from projects across North America. Criticisms of WCISome observers described the entire project as greenwash designed to avoid committing to the Kyoto Protocol, and cited evidence that much more drastic cuts, up to 40%, could be achieved without affecting investment yield in equities, a good indicator that such cuts would not affect economic prospects in the economy as a whole.[5] Partners vs. observersSeveral U.S. partners, although active participants in the design of the program, announced in 2010 that they would either delay or not implement the program in their jurisdictions. The partnership was therefore streamlined to include only California and the four Canadian provinces actively working to implement the program. As of January 2012, regulations have not been issued by British Columbia, Manitoba, or Ontario, although a carbon tax in British Columbia will be increasing to $30/tonne of CO2 equivalents in July 2012.[6] Several WCI partners also remain active in the International Carbon Action Partnership, an international coordinating body for several such regional carbon trading bodies. Alberta and Saskatchewan object to cap-and-trade and in July 2008 called WCI's plan a "cash grab by some of Canada's resource-poor provinces."[7] However, Alberta has legislated a small restricted carbon charge of its own. The objections seem to be more related to the reporting and disclosure requirements that would be much higher for a North American project than for one based strictly in Alberta. Some of the states that withdrew by late 2011 also intended to develop oil shale, hydraulic fracturing of natural gas and coal resources that would have broad impacts beyond climate on water, including more ocean acidification. Until late 2011, the initiative included two types of participants: partners and observers.[8] For several years, the partners were the U.S. states of California, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Washington, and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. All states except California withdrew in 2011. See below re membership. The observers included at various times Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada, Wyoming, the province of Saskatchewan (which objects to WCI plans for a cap and trade system[7]), and the Mexican states of Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Sonora and Tamaulipas. Membership changes{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
As of December 2011, the remaining WCI partners are California and the Canadian provinces British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec.
As of October 2018, the remaining WCI partners are California and the Canadian provinces British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. See also{{Portal|Energy}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/document-archives/general/WCI-Governors-Agreement|title=WCI Governors' Agreement|publisher=}} {{Climate change in Canada}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/document-archives/general/Emission-Reduction-Goal-Aug-2007|title=Emission Reduction Goal Aug 2007|publisher=}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/document-archives/general/WCI-Brochure-(May-2010)|title=WCI Brochure (May 2010)|publisher=}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/component/remository/general|title=General Documents|publisher=}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqLwy4is53AC&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=greenwash%20Western%20Climate%20Initiative&source=bl&ots=-Ag9Phw1HC&sig=co3c36bKxLaXP1Bf2zO-GwE0FEc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PX7zTqnWNarw0gHf08jHAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Myths and Realities of Business Environmentalism: Good Works, Good Business Or Greenwash?|first=Kurt A.|last=Strasser|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|via=Google Books}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/A4.htm|title=Province of British Columbia|publisher=}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.dose.ca/news/story.html?id=9ff531b5-1a6e-4864-8256-466a637b128f|title=Ontario to sign cap-and-trade climate plan|publisher=}} 8. ^http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/events/2007-08-30_wci/2007-08_WCU_UPDATE.PDF 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/milestones|title=Milestones|publisher=}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/news_releases_2005-2009/2007OTP0053-000509.htm|title=B.C. JOINS WESTERN REGIONAL CLIMATE ACTION INITIATIVE|first=Office of the|last=Premier|date=24 April 2007|publisher=}} 11. ^http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/05/21/ap/tech/main2833474.shtml 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=an44OcQBMXLA&refer=canada|title=404 Page Not Found - Bloomberg|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930065352/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=an44OcQBMXLA&refer=canada|archivedate=2007-09-30|df=}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newsminer.com/2007/09/24/9025/|title=404 Error|first=Fairbanks Daily|last=News-Miner|publisher=}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.missoulian.com/articles/2007/11/20/news/local/news04.txt|title=Governor releases goals on emissions|first=MIKE DENNISON of the Missoulian State|last=Bureau|publisher=}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fil-information.gouv.qc.ca/Pages/Articles.aspx?aiguillage=ajd&type=1&idMenuItem=1|title=Communiqués diffusés le 24 april 2017 - Portail Québec|first=Services|last=Québec|publisher=}} 16. ^http://www.azclimatechange.gov/download/eo-2010-06.pdf 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/30/local/la-me-cap-trade-20110630|title=California delays its carbon-trading program until 2013|first=Margot|last=Roosevelt|date=30 June 2011|publisher=|via=LA Times}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://ecometrica.com/blog/quebec-delays-wci-carbon-market-scheme/|title=Quebec Delays WCI Carbon Market Scheme - Ecometrica|publisher=}} 19. ^"Six US states leave the Western Climate Initiative" (November 18, 2011). S&P Global Platts. www.platts.com. Retrieved 2016-11-26. 20. ^"6 States Pull Out of Western Climate Initiative" (November 22, 2011). SustainableBusiness.com News. Retrieved 2016-11-26. 21. ^https://vancouversun.com/technology/states+abandon+carbon+trade+partnership/5731555/story.html 22. ^https://novascotia.ca/news/release/?id=20180514001 23. ^https://climatechange.novascotia.ca/nova-scotias-cap-trade-program 24. ^https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-42/session-1/bill-4 7 : United States interstate compacts|Canada–United States relations|Climate change in the United States|Environment of Canada|Climate change in Canada|Carbon finance|Greenhouse gas emissions in the United States |
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