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词条 Fredericksburg, Texas
释义

  1. Geography

     Enchanted Rock  Balanced Rock  Cross Mountain 

  2. History

  3. Architecture

  4. Churches and religion

  5. Nimitz Hotel and National Museum of the Pacific War

  6. Railway

  7. Agritourism

  8. Education

     Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools 

  9. Hospitals

  10. Transportation

     Major roads  Airport 

  11. Climate

  12. Demographics

  13. Government

     Mayor  Council Members 

  14. Media communications

     Radio  Newspapers 

  15. In popular culture

  16. Notable people

  17. Gallery

  18. See also

  19. Notes

  20. References

  21. Further reading

  22. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Fredericksburg, Texas
| settlement_type = City
| nicknames = Fritztown, The Burg
| motto =
| image_skyline = ChrisLitherlandFredricksburg.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = East end of downtown Fredericksburg
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Fredericksburg-Logo.png

| image_map = TXMap-doton-Fredericksburg.PNG


| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location of Fredericksburg, Texas
| image_map1 = Gillespie County Fredericksburg.svg
| mapsize1 = 250px
| map_caption1 =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Texas
| subdivision_type2 = County
| subdivision_name2 = Gillespie

| government_footnotes =


| government_type =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Linda Langerhans
| leader_title1 = City Manager
| leader_name1 = Kent Myers
| established_title =
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 22.3
| area_land_km2 = 22.2
| area_water_km2 = 0.1
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 10530
| population_density_km2 = 473.9
| population_density_sq_mi =
| timezone = Central (CST)
| utc_offset = −06:00
| timezone_DST = CDT
| utc_offset_DST = −05:00
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 516
| elevation_ft = 1693
| coordinates = {{coord|30|16|27|N|98|52|19|W|region:US-TX|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = ZIP Code
| postal_code = 78624
| area_code = 830
| blank_name = FIPS code
| blank_info = 48-27348[1]
| blank1_name = GNIS feature ID
| blank1_info = 1336174[2]
| website = {{URL|www.fbgtx.org}}
| footnotes =
}}Fredericksburg ({{lang-de|Friedrichsburg}}) is the seat of Gillespie County, in the U.S. state of Texas.[3] As of the 2010 Census, the city had a population of 10,530.[4]

Fredericksburg was founded in 1846 and named after Prince Frederick of Prussia. Old-time German residents often referred to Fredericksburg as Fritztown, a nickname that is still used in some businesses.[5] The town is also notable as the home of Texas German, a dialect spoken by the first generations of German settlers who initially refused to learn English. Fredericksburg shares many cultural characteristics with New Braunfels, which had been established by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels the previous year. Fredericksburg is the birthplace of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz. It is the sister city of Montabaur, Germany.[6] On October 14, 1970, the Fredericksburg Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas.[7]{{details|Fredericksburg Historic District (Texas)}}

Geography

Fredericksburg is located east of the center of Gillespie County at {{coord|30.274058|-98.871822|type:city_region:US|format=dms|display=inline}} (30.274058, −98.871822).[8] It is {{convert|70|mi}} north of San Antonio and {{convert|78|mi}} west of Austin.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|22.3|sqkm|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|22.2|sqkm|order=flip}} are land and {{convert|0.12|sqkm|order=flip|2|abbr=on}}, or 0.55%, is covered by water.[9]

Enchanted Rock

Enchanted Rock is a geographical landmark {{convert|17|mi|abbr=on}} north of Fredericksburg in Llano County. The rock is a huge, pink granite exfoliation dome that rises {{convert|425|ft|m|abbr=on}} above the surrounding land, has a summit elevation of {{convert|1825|ft|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and covers {{convert|640|acre|abbr=on}}. It is one of the largest batholiths (underground rock formation uncovered by erosion) in the United States, and was declared a National Natural Landmark in 1970. In 1994, the State of Texas opened it as Enchanted Rock State Natural Area after adding facilities. The same year, Enchanted Rock was added to the National Register of Historic Places.[10][11]{{Main|Enchanted Rock}}

Balanced Rock

Balanced Rock was a famous local landmark that perched atop Bear Mountain {{convert|10|mi|0|abbr=on}} north of Fredericksburg.[12] The natural wonder stone pillar, about the size of a small elephant, precariously balanced on its small tip.[13] It fell prey to vandals, who dynamited it off its base in April 1986.[14][15]

Cross Mountain

The first known record of Cross Mountain (elevation {{convert|1,915|ft|m|abbr=on}}) was in 1847 by Dr. Ferdinand von Roemer. Native Americans used the location to signal each other about intrusions into their territory. The area was part of settler Dr. John Christian Durst's {{convert|10|acre|adj=on}} allotment. Durst found a timber cross on the mountain, indicating that Spanish missionaries had once used the site. Durst named the place "Kreuzberg" or Cross Mountain. In 1849, Father George Menzel erected a new cross. In 1946, St. Mary's Catholic Church erected a metal and concrete cross. The mountain has been used both for the Easter Fires pageant and for Easter sunrise services. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark 1976.[16]

History

{{Main|History of Fredericksburg, Texas}}

Architecture

The Vereins Kirche, the Pioneer Museum Complex, Pioneer Memorial Library, and other architecture.

{{details|Architecture of Fredericksburg, Texas}}

Churches and religion

{{details|Architecture of Fredericksburg, Texas}}

Nimitz Hotel and National Museum of the Pacific War

{{details|National Museum of the Pacific War}}

Railway

On January 3, 1913, the San Antonio, Fredericksburg and Northern Railway was chartered to connect Fredericksburg with the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway near Waring.[17] A {{convert|920|ft|m|adj=on}} long railroad trestle was built, and still exists as the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Old Tunnel bat habitat at 10619 Old San Antonio Rd, with provided picnic and restroom facilities for visitors.[18] The cost of the tunnel sent the railroad into receivership on October 28, 1914.[19] It was sold under foreclosure on December 31, 1917 to Martin Carle who deeded the property to the Fredericksburg and Northern Railway which had been chartered on December 26 of that year. The train operated until July 27, 1942.[20][21]

Agritourism

The Fredericksburg-Stonewall area has become known as the Peach Capital of Texas [22] and Benjamin Lester Enderle is known as the Father of the Hill Country Peach Industry. He was Gillespie County Surveyor and a math and science teacher at Fredericksburg High School when he planted five peach trees and began selling the fruit in 1921. Enderle worked to develop the Hale, Burbank, Elberta, and Stark varieties. He began marketing them through the H-E-B grocery chain, and eventually had 5,000 producing peach trees on {{convert|150|acre}}.[23] Growers claim the taste[24] is due to the area having the right combination of elevation, sandy soil, and climate to produce flavorful clingstone and freestone peaches. The fruit ripens May–August, and consumers can either buy picked fruit, or pick their own.[25]

Herb farms,[26] grape culture, lavender production, and wildflower seeds have become burgeoning businesses in Fredericksburg. Combinations of agribusiness with day spas, wedding facilities, or bed-and-breakfast accommodations are not unusual.[27] Even a Texas Hill Country Lavender Trail has been designated.[28]

Lady Bird Johnson's passion for Texas wildflowers not only lives on in the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in Austin, but also sparked a high demand for seed.[29] The {{convert|200|acre|adj=on}} Wildseed Farms in Fredericksburg was founded by John R. Thomas in 1983 as a result of that high demand, and produces 88 varieties of wildflower seeds. It is the largest family-owned wildflower seed farm in the United States and host of an annual Wildflower Celebration.[22][30][31]

In 1994, the Seventy-third Texas Legislature passed H.B. No. 1425, allowing brewpub operations within Texas.[32] Fredericksburg Brewing Company began operations shortly thereafter.[33]

A number of vineyards and related industries have also arisen in the post-LBJ era of Fredericksburg.[34] The designated American Viticultural Areas of Fredericksburg in the Texas Hill Country AVA and the much larger Texas Hill Country AVA both include Fredericksburg inside their boundaries.[35] Fredericksburg is a common starting point or destination for tourists visiting wineries in the Texas Hill Country.[36][37]

Education

The city of Fredericksburg is served by the Fredericksburg Independent School District. The school's teams are called the "Battlin' Billies".[38]

The first institute of higher learning in Fredericksburg was Fredericksburg College in 1876. The German Methodist Church of Fredericksburg founded the institution and offered courses in the arts, sciences, and foreign languages. Enrollment was about 150 students. W. J. R. Thoenssen was the first principal, succeeded by Charles F. Tansill. Finances caused the college to be closed in 1884. The property was sold to Fredericksburg Independent School District.[39]

For higher education, Fredericksburg is home to Texas Tech University at Fredericksburg.[40]

It also has some private schools, such as:

  • Ambleside School of Fredericksburg[41]
  • Fredericksburg Christian School[42]
  • Heritage Family School[43]
  • St. Mary's Elementary and Junior High School

Fredericksburg has a municipally operated library adjacent to the Gillespie County Courthouse.

Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools

Headquartered in Fredericksburg, the Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools is a group of former students and members of the community, interested in preserving the traditions of the old country schools, the community clubs, and the history of Gillespie County for future generations.[44]

Hospitals

Hill Country Memorial Hospital on Highway 16 is an acute-care facility that offers medical care, preventive care, and a wellness center. It is consistently ranked in the top 100 hospitals in the nation.[45]

Transportation

Major roads

  • U.S. Highway 290
  • U.S. Highway 87
  • Texas State Highway 16
  • Ranch Road 1631
  • Farm to Market Road 965

Airport

Gillespie County Airport[46] (FAA locator T82) is located on State Highway 16 South, about {{convert|2|mi|km}} from downtown Fredericksburg, and features a {{convert|5,002|ft|m|abbr=on}} long runway and a hotel and diner. The airport was established by Hans Hannemann and Red Schroeder. Prior to 1945, the facility had been owned by the United States Army Air Corps. Transient and long-term hangar rentals are available.[47][48]

Climate

Fredericksburg experiences a humid subtropical climate, with hot summers and a generally mild winters. Average temperatures range from {{convert|82|°F|0}} in the summer to {{convert|49|°F|0}} during winter.

{{Weather box
|location = Fredericksburg, Texas
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F =89
|Feb record high F =96
|Mar record high F = 101
|Apr record high F = 104
|May record high F =102
|Jun record high F = 108
|Jul record high F = 109
|Aug record high F = 109
|Sep record high F = 109
|Oct record high F = 102
|Nov record high F =92
|Dec record high F = 88
|Jan high F = 61
|Feb high F = 66
|Mar high F = 73
|Apr high F =79
|May high F = 84
|Jun high F = 90
|Jul high F = 93
|Aug high F = 93
|Sep high F = 88
|Oct high F = 80
|Nov high F = 69
|Dec high F = 62
|Jan mean F = 49
|Feb mean F = 53
|Mar mean F = 60
|Apr mean F = 67
|May mean F = 73
|Jun mean F = 79
|Jul mean F = 82
|Aug mean F = 81
|Sep mean F = 76
|Oct mean F = 68
|Nov mean F = 57
|Dec mean F = 50
|Jan low F = 36
|Feb low F = 39
|Mar low F = 47
|Apr low F = 54
|May low F = 62
|Jun low F = 68
|Jul low F = 70
|Aug low F = 69
|Sep low F = 64
|Oct low F = 56
|Nov low F = 45
|Dec low F = 38
|Jan record low F =-5
|Feb record low F = −3
|Mar record low F = 12
|Apr record low F = 24
|May record low F = 38
|Jun record low F = 48
|Jul record low F = 55
|Aug record low F = 54
|Sep record low F = 35
|Oct record low F = 24
|Nov record low F = 12
|Dec record low F = 1
|Jan precipitation inch = 1.36
|Feb precipitation inch =1.91
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.86
|Apr precipitation inch = 2.40
|May precipitation inch = 4.29
|Jun precipitation inch = 3.97
|Jul precipitation inch = 2
|Aug precipitation inch =2.74
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.07
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.72
|Nov precipitation inch = 2.19
|Dec precipitation inch = 2.14
|source 1 = The Weather Channel[49]
|date=December 2010
}}

Demographics

{{US Census population
|1850= 754
|1870= 1164
|1880= 1085
|1890= 1532
|1930= 2416
|1940= 3544
|1950= 3854
|1960= 4629
|1970= 5326
|1980= 6412
|1990= 6934
|2000= 8911
|2010= 10530
|estyear=2016
|estimate=11382
|estref=[50]
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census[51]
}}

As of the census[1] of 2000, 8,911 people, 3,784 households, and 2,433 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,342.1 people per square mile (518.2/km2). The 4,183 housing units averaged 630.0 per square mile (243.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.08% White, 0.27% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.09% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 17.00% of the population. English is spoken by 72.73% of the population, Spanish by 14.77%, and Texas German by 12.48%.[52] In terms of ancestry, 39.7% were of German, 12.5% were of Irish, 10.8% were of English, 4.9% were of American, 3.2% were of Scotch-Irish, 2.3% were of Scottish, 2.3% were of Dutch.

Of the 3,784 households, 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were not families. About 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the city, the population was distributed as 20.3% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 20.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 30.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,276, and for a family was $43,670. Males had a median income of $25,878 versus $22,171 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,788. About 7.5% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

Government

The city of Fredericksburg is run under the council-manager form of government. As per the Home Rule Charter adopted May 1991,[53] the governing body of Fredericksbug consists of a mayor and four council members. Both the mayor and the council are elected in alternating years by the city at large for two-year terms with a limit of four consecutive terms.[54]

Mayor

Linda Langerhans[55]

Council Members

  • Charlie Kiehne
  • Gary Neffendorf
  • Graham Pearson [56]
  • Bobby Watson

Media communications

Radio

AM Radio station KNAF went on the air in 1947. The original license was granted by the Federal Communications Commission to Arthur Stehling.[57]

The license was transferred to Norbert Fritz and family.[58]

Newspapers

The Fredericksburg Standard was originally titled Gillespie County News and founded in 1888. The name change happened in 1907. The paper was purchased by the Fredericksburg Publishing Company in 1915, which also published the German language newspaper Fredericksburg Wochenblatt. The Radio Post began publishing in 1922 and was purchased in 1984 by the Fredericksburg Publishing Company. The two newspapers merged into the Fredericksburg Standard-Radio Post.[59][60]

In popular culture

  • Film:
    • Baghdad Texas (2009) filmed in Fredericksburg and Kerrville, Texas
    • Seven Days in Utopia (2011) filmed at the Boot Ranch golf club just north of Fredericksburg, as well as in Utopia, Texas, and featuring Academy Award-winner Robert Duvall and Lucas Black. It was based on the book [https://books.google.com/books?id=QLWDgObvxm4C&printsec=frontcover Golf's Sacred Journey: Seven Days at the Links of Utopia], Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-310-31885-9}}.
  • Music:
    • "Stoned" (1995) a song by Old 97's advises 'Take a Greyhound to Fredericksburg'
    • "Chester Nimitz Oriental Garden Waltz" (1988) a song by the Austin Lounge Lizards
    • Grammy-winning blues artist Johnny Nicholas runs the Hill Top Cafe on US87 near Fredericksburg in a 1930s former gas station[61]
  • Books:
    • {{cite book|last=Gurasich|first=Mari|title=A House Divided |year=1994|publisher=Texas Christian University Press|isbn=978-0-87565-122-4}} During the Civil War, young Louisa is the youngest daughter in a German household in Fredericksburg. One brother has been killed by Confederate vigilantes James P. Waldrip and Die Haengebande, and the other brother is in a Union prison.
    • {{cite book|last=Gimenez|first=Mark|title=The Perk|year=2009| publisher=Sphere |isbn=978-0-7515-3967-7}} Lawyer Beck Hardin returns to his hometown of Fredericksburg after the death of his wife, helping to solve an old crime.
  • Comedy:
    • Bill Hicks referenced Fredericksburg in the bit "Gifts of Forgiveness" which was included on his 1997 posthumously released comedy album Rant In E-Minor
  • Radio:
    • Walter de Paduwa on his Dr Boogie radio show of 11/11/2016 described (in French) his 1990s visit to Fredericksburg eating sauerkraut at 35 degrees, and seeing the Nimitz statue but summing up with the somewhat sweeping advice N'allez jamais a Fredericksburg. Il n'y a RIEN a voir a Frederiksburg (Never go to Fredericksburg. There is NOTHING to see at Fredericksburg).[62]

Notable people

Notable people of Fredericksburg, Texas
NameBirth-deathNotability{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)
Jacob Bickler(1849–1902)Educator, founder of two Austin academies, taught summer school in Frederickburg[63]
Jacob Friedrich Brodbeck(1821–1910)Educator, aviation pioneer[64]
Amanda Julia Estill(1882–1965)Educator, writer, and folklorist[65]
Matthew Gaines(1840–1900)Former slave, Baptist minister became a senator in the Texas State Legislature after emancipation[66]
General Michael W. Hagee(b. 1944)33rd Commandant of the United States Marine Corps[67]
Max Hirsch(1880–1969) National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame thoroughbred horse trainer[68]
Betty Holekamp(1826–1902)German colonist and pioneer woman, called the Betsy Ross of Texas[69]
1st Lt. Louis John Jordan(1890–1918)First Texan officer killed in World War I, Battalion C, 149th Field Artillery, 42nd Division, posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1924, All-American football player with Texas Longhorns (1911–1914), the Louis Jordan Post of the American Legion in Fredericksburg named in his honor[70]
Hugo Emil Klaerner(1908–1982)Chicago White Sox pitcher[71]
Guich Koock(b. 1944)Actor, humorist, folklorist, business person, owner of Oma Koock's Restaurant (now Hondo's on Main), one-time owner of Luckenbach[72]
Jacob Kuechler(1823–1893)Surveyor, conscientious objector during the Civil War, and commissioner of the Texas General Land Office[73]
Lara Logan(b. 1971)60 Minutes Correspondent[74]
Hermann Lungkwitz(1813–1891)Landscape artist and photographer, noted for first pictorial records of the Texas Hill Country[75]
John O. Meusebach(1812–1897)Founding father of Fredericksburg[76]
Henry Miller (IBEW)(1853–1896)First Grand President of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW)[77]
William Molter(1910–1960)Thoroughbred trainer in National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame[78]
Chester Emil Nagel(1911–2004)Architect[79]
Lieut. Phillip I. Neel(1979–2007)First Fredericksburg soldier to die in Iraq, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Hood, Texas[80]
Charles Henry Nimitz(1826–1911)Built the Nimitz Hotel in 1852, grandfather of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, elected to the Texas Legislature in 1890[81]
Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz(1885–1966)Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Forces in World War II[82]
Friedrich Richard Petri(1824–1857)Painter who depicted relationships between early German settlers and local Native American tribes[83]
Colonel Alfred P. C. Petsch(1887–1981)Lawyer, legislator, civic leader, and philanthropist, served in the Texas House of Representatives 1925–1941, veteran of both World War I and World War[84]
County Judge Victor H. Sagebiel(1917–1977)United States Navy World War II veteran and civic leader, a fountain in the downtown plaza across from Pioneer Memorial Library honors him[85]
Felix Stehling(1925–2012)Co-founder of Taco Cabana[86]
Buffy Tyler(b. 1978)Playboy Playmate November 2000[87]
Frank Van der Stucken(1858–1929)Music composer, conductor[88]
Private Sammie J. Vollmar(1947–1967)United States Marine Corps died June 1, 1967, becoming the first soldier from Gillespie County killed in the Vietnam War[89]
Hulda Saenger Walter(1867–1929)Poet, writer of German verse[90]
Susan Weddington(b. 1951)State chairman of the Republican Party of Texas from 1997 to 2003, retired in Fredericksburg[91]

Gallery

See also

  • Cowboy Bronze Fine Art Gallery
  • Fredericksburg in the Texas Hill Country AVA
  • Adelsverein
  • Central Texas Electric Cooperative
  • Cherry Springs Dance Hall
  • Easter Fire
  • German Texan
  • Loyal Valley
  • Meusebach Homesite
  • List of museums in Central Texas
  • Sisterdale, Texas
  • Texas Hill Country
  • Wildseed Farms
  • Wrede School

Notes

1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=2013-09-11 |df= }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2007-10-25|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65jET5cdV?url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/|archivedate=2012-02-26|df=}}
3. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |accessdate=2011-06-07 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-31 |df= }}
4. ^2010 Census: Fredericksburg {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20131201144146/http://censusviewer.com/city/TX/Fredericksburg |date=2013-12-01 }} Accessed: 11/28/2013
5. ^Yelp: Fritztown Diesel and Trick Repair {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203082454/http://www.yelp.com/biz/fritztown-diesel-and-truck-service-fredericksburg |date=2013-12-03 }} Accessed: 11/28/2013
6. ^{{cite web| title=Fredericksburg -V.G. Montabaur Sister City Organization| url=http://lonestar.texas.net/~benkarl/FBG-Montabauer/| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901041431/http://lonestar.texas.net/~benkarl/FBG-Montabauer/| archivedate=2014-09-01| df=}}
7. ^Fredericksburg, Texas NPS {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203075641/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/tx/tx27.htm |date=2013-12-03 }} Accessed: 11/28/2013
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6665BhgnH?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|archivedate=2012-03-12|df=}}
9. ^{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4827348| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Fredericksburg city, Texas| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| work=American Factfinder| accessdate=February 24, 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web | title=National Landmark, Enchanted Rock | publisher=National Park Service | url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/Registry/USA_Map/States/Texas/NNL/ER/index.cfm | accessdate=6 May 2010 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528160823/http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/Registry/USA_Map/States/Texas/NNL/ER/index.cfm | archivedate=28 May 2010 | df= }} National Park Service
11. ^{{cite web | title=State Natural Area, Enchanted Rock | publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept | url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/enchanted_rock/ | accessdate=19 November 2010 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205032347/http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/enchanted_rock/ | archivedate=5 December 2010 | df= }} Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept
12. ^{{cite web|title=Balanced Rock Pillar – Texas Mountain Peak Information|url=http://www.mountainzone.com/mountains/detail.asp?fid=2925056|publisher=Mountain Zone.com|accessdate=19 November 2010}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Balanced Rock Postcard|url=http://www.playle.com/listing.php?PHPSESSID=evb0p1qghdkh2q2hqbifdq81o0&i=ETEXBILL5244|publisher=Playle's Online Auctions|accessdate=19 November 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717082128/http://www.playle.com/listing.php?PHPSESSID=evb0p1qghdkh2q2hqbifdq81o0&i=ETEXBILL5244|archivedate=17 July 2011|df=}}
14. ^{{cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Ira|title=Crabapple Community-A World Unto Itself|url=http://www.texfiles.com/tourintexas/july2003/crabapple/index.htm|publisher=Tourin' Texas|accessdate=19 November 2010|date=July 2003|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108160815/http://texfiles.com/tourintexas/july2003/crabapple/index.htm|archivedate=8 January 2011|df=}}
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20. ^{{cite web|last=Schmidt|first=F A|title=Old Tunnel Wildlife Management Area – Railroad History|url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/hunt/wma/wildlife_management/old_tunnel_wma/railroad_history/|work=Rails Through the Hill Country|publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department|accessdate=20 November 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221111025/http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/hunt/wma/wildlife_management/old_tunnel_wma/railroad_history/|archivedate=21 February 2011|df=}}
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22. ^1 {{cite book |title=Fodor's Texas |year=2008 |publisher=Fodor's |isbn=978-1-4000-0719-6 |page=179}}
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44. ^Historic Schools, The Friends of Gillespie Country Schools {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814052709/http://www.historicschools.org/default.htm |date=August 14, 2010 }}
45. ^{{cite book|last=Adams|title=The Austin/San Antonio Jobbank: Includes: Abilene, Amarillo, Corpus Christi, El Paso, Lubbock, and many others : The job Hunter's Guide to Southern and Western Texas |year=2004|publisher=Adams Media Corporation|isbn=978-1-59337-221-7|page=115}}
46. ^AirNav Gillespie Co Airport {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103011449/http://www.airnav.com/airport/T82 |date=2011-01-03 }}
47. ^{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Cheryl|title=Profile: Gillespie County Airport, Fredericksburg, Texas|journal=Wingtips|date=October–November 2006|pages=1–4|publisher=Texas Department of Transportation}}
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52. ^{{cite web|title=Fredericksburg, Texas 2000 Census|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=48&place_id=27348&cty_id=|publisher=Modern Language Association|accessdate=13 November 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522222935/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D48%26place_id%3D27348%26cty_id%3D|archivedate=22 May 2011|df=}}
53. ^{{cite web|title=Home Rule Charter for the City of Fredericksburg|url=http://www.fbgtx.org/pdf/Home%20Rule%20Charter.pdf|publisher=City of Fredericksburg, Texas|accessdate=19 November 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122135918/http://fbgtx.org/pdf/Home%20Rule%20Charter.pdf|archivedate=22 November 2010|df=}}
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55. ^Fredericksburg City Website: Mayor {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235426/http://www.fbgtx.org/index.aspx?NID=368 |date=2013-12-02 }} Accessed: 11/29/2013
56. ^Fredericksburg City Website: Council Member Graham Pearson {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235721/http://www.fbgtx.org/index.aspx?NID=370 |date=2013-12-02 }} Accessed: 01/10/2015
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62. ^Recording of the 11/11/2016 De Boogie show, with comments about Fredericksberg after 23" as part of the introduction to a Johnny Nicholas track {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113035110/http://www.rtbf.be/auvio/detail_dr-boogie?id=2158741 |date=2016-11-13 }}
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74. ^{{cite web|title=‘60 Minutes’ star embraces life in the Texas Hill Country|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/entertainment/movies-tv/article/60-Minutes-star-embraces-life-in-the-Texas-12232904.php|website=San Antonio Express-News|accessdate=28 September 2017}}
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89. ^{{cite news|title=Gillespie GI Killed In Vietnam|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/357877403/?terms=Sammie+J.+Vollmar|accessdate=April 6, 2018|work=Austin American-Statesman at Newspapers.com|date=June 10, 1967|page=19, col. 4}}
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References

  • {{cite book |last=King |first=Irene Marschall |title=John O.Meusebach |year=1967 | publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-73656-6 |pages=}}
  • {{cite book |last=Solms |first=Carl |title= Voyage to North America, 1844–45: Prince Carl of Solms' Texas Diary of People, Places, and Events |year=2000 |publisher=University of North Texas Press |isbn=978-1-57441-124-9 |author2=Gish, Theodore G|author3=Von-Maszweski, Wolfram M}}
  • {{cite book |first=Jefferson |last=Morgenthaler |title=The German Settlement of the Texas Hill Country |year=2007 |publisher=Mockingbird Books |isbn=978-1-932801-09-5}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book |last=Cook |first=Rita |title=Fredericksburg: A Guide to the Attractions and German Heritage of Texas Hill Country |year=2011 |publisher=Channel Lake, Inc |isbn=978-1-935455-13-4 |author2=Dandridge, Russell W}}
  • {{cite book |title=Pioneers in God's Hills |last=Gillespie County Historical Society |year=2000 |publisher=Eakin Pr |isbn=978-1-57168-463-9}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Hafertepe|first1=Kenneth|title=The Material Culture of German Texans|date=2016|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-1-62349-383-7|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/46191|language=English|via=Project MUSE}}
  • {{cite book |last=Hubbard |first=Fran |title=St. Barnabas Episcopal Church, Fredericksburg, Texas, the First Forty Years, 1954–1994 |year=1995 |publisher=Awani Press, Inc |author2=Hubbard, Doug|author3=Ethel, Lee}}
  • {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Melvin C |title=Polygamy on the Pedernales: Lyman Wight's Mormon Villages in Antebellum Texas 1845–1858 |year=2006 |publisher=Utah State University Press |isbn=978-0-87421-628-8}}
  • {{cite book |last=King |first=Irene Marschall |title=John O. Meusebach: German Colonizer in Texas |year=1987 |publisher=Univ of Texas Pr |isbn=978-0-292-74019-8}}
  • {{cite book |last=Potter |first=E B |title=Nimitz |year=2008 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-580-6}}
  • {{cite book |last=Watt |first=Don |title=Fredericksburg, Texas: Living With the Past |year=1987 |publisher=Shearer Publishing |isbn=978-0-940672-42-0 |author2=Watt, Lynn|author3=Mehl, Michael}}

External links

{{commons category|Fredericksburg, Texas}}{{Wikivoyage|Fredericksburg (Texas)}}{{NIE Poster|Fredericksburg (Texas)|Fredericksburg, Texas|year=1906}}
  • Old Tunnel Bat Habitat TPWD
  • City of Fredericksburg website
  • National Museum of the Pacific War
  • {{Handbook of Texas|id=hff03|name=Fredericksburg}}
{{Gillespie County, Texas}}{{Texas}}{{Texas county seats}}{{Authority control}}

8 : Fredericksburg, Texas|Cities in Texas|Cities in Gillespie County, Texas|County seats in Texas|German-American culture in Texas|German-American history|Populated places established in 1846|1846 establishments in Texas
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