“Westerwood”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Westerwood is an area in the north-east of Cumbernauld in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. Historically it was the site of a Roman Fort of which a video reconstruction has been produced.^[2] In the past two decades, new housing developments have been built around the Westerwood Hotel and Golf Course. The golf complex is owned by Aprirose since they acquired QHotels in October 2017.^[3] The hotel's internationally award winning spa cost more than half a million pounds.^[4] In October 2018, after a 1.3 million pound refurbishment, the resort re-opened as DoubleTree by Hilton Glasgow Westerwood Spa and Golf Resort in a franchise agreement between Aprirose and Hilton Hotels.^[5] The golf course, which was designed by Seve Ballesteros and Dave Thomas, is located on the north side of the town, close to Cumbernauld Airport. Westerwood Community Council was set up for local residents and a committee has been appointed.^[6] Neighbouring villages which are outside of Cumbernauld include Dullatur to the north-west and Castlecary to the east.

Roman Heritage

Historically, Westerwood is the site of a Roman Fort on the Antonine Wall.^[12] Its neighbouring forts were Croy Hill to the west and Castlecary to the east. At Tollpark,^[13] is one of the best preserved continuous sections of the whole Wall, between the forts of Castlecary and Westerwood.^[14] There may have been a signal tower at Garnhall^[15]^[16] from where both Westerwood and Castlecary forts are likely to have been visible.^[17] A kissing gate behind Castlecary Hotel provides access to this section of the wall to the east.^[18] Parking for the section of the wall to the west can be found at Dullatur or Croy.^[19] Many Roman forts along the wall held garrisons of around 500 men.^[20] Larger forts like Castlecary and Birrens had a nominal cohort of 1000 men^[21] but probably sheltered women and children as well^[22] although the troops were not allowed to marry.^[23] There is also likely to have been large communities of civilians around the site.^[24] Westerwood was excavated in 1932 by Sir George Macdonald who wrote about it^[25]. It was also excavated in 1974 and 1985-8.^[26] Finds near Westerwood include a distance slab depicting a sea-deity and a naked, tied, captive and an uninscribed altar which were found at Arniebog.^[27] The slab can now be viewed at the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow. Other artefacts include a diamond patterned stone^[28] and a grey, buff jar.^[29] A religious stone showed a relief of an engorged phallus over the inscription EX VOTO "the result of a vow".^[30] It was found in 1725 but has since been lost. It had a second inscription: NVX "the night".^[31] Also a centurion called Verecundus, and his wife, dedicated an altar to Silvanus and the Sky which was recovered at Westerwood.^[32]^[33]^[34] Pottery found at Westerwood is unlike any other pottery found on the Antonine Wall. It has been suggested that the course pottery was made locally by a single potter at Westerwood.^[35]

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=OS 25 inch map 1892-1949, with Bing opacity slider|url=http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=17&lat=55.9749&lon=-3.9836&layers=168&b=1|website=National Library of Scotland|publisher=Ordnance Survey|accessdate=12 October 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Reconstruction of fort, Westerwood|url=https://vimeo.com/232311693|accessdate=19 May 2018}}
3. ^{{cite news|last1=Dunsmuir|first1=Alistair|title=UK’s largest golf resort operator is sold|url=http://www.thegolfbusiness.co.uk/2017/10/uks-largest-golf-resort-operator-is-sold/|accessdate=21 October 2017|agency=The Golf Business|date=9 October 2017}}
4. ^{{cite news|title=Westerwood Hotel spa bags industry award|url=http://www.cumbernauld-news.co.uk/news/business/westerwood-hotel-spa-bags-industry-award-1-4529474|accessdate=21 October 2017|agency=Cumbernauld News|date=11 August 2017}}
5. ^{{cite news |title=Westerwood reopens after refurbishment |url=https://www.cumbernauld-news.co.uk/news/business/westerwood-reopens-after-refurbishment-1-4814360 |accessdate=15 October 2018 |agency=Cumbernauld News |date=12 October 2018}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=Time for residents to come together|url=https://www.cumbernauld-news.co.uk/news/politics/time-for-residents-to-come-together-1-4663986|accessdate=27 January 2018|agency=Cumbernauld News|date=17 January 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Distance Slabs|url=http://www.antoninewall.co.uk/distance_slabs.html|website=The Antonine Wall|publisher=CastlesFortsBattles.co.uk network|accessdate=27 October 2017}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Arthur|title=The past in the present. What is civilization?|date=1881|publisher=Harper & brothers|location=New York|page=261|url=https://archive.org/stream/pastinpresentwha00mitc#page/260/mode/2up|accessdate=27 October 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Fragment of possible Distance Slab, Arniebog, Westerwood|url=https://vimeo.com/227038199|accessdate=19 May 2018}}
10. ^{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=James |title=Tituli Hunteriani. An account of the Roman stones in the Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow |date=1897 |publisher=T. & R. Annan & Sons |location=Glasgow |page=77 |url=https://archive.org/stream/titulihunteriani00macdrich#page/77/mode/1up |accessdate=2 June 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Uninscribed altar, Arniebog, Westerwood|url=https://vimeo.com/210768779|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/SM90017 |title=Antonine Wall and fort, railway line to 300m E of Westerwood steading. SM90017 |publisher=Historic Environment Scotland |accessdate=7 March 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=OS 25 inch Map 1892-1949|url=http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=17&lat=55.9764&lon=-3.9725&layers=168&b=1|website=zoomable map with Bing transparency overlay|publisher=National Library of Scotland|accessdate=10 October 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Tollpark|url=http://www.antoninewall.org/visiting-the-wall/things-to-see-and-do/site-by-site/tollpark|website=Frontiers of the Roman Empire|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Reconstruction model, Temporary Camp, Garnhall|url=https://vimeo.com/269193916|accessdate=19 May 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Garnhall|url=http://www.antoninewall.org/visiting-the-wall/things-to-see-and-do/site-by-site/garnhall|website=Frontiers of the Roman Empire|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
17. ^{{cite journal |last1=Woolliscroft |first1=David J. |title=Excavations at Garnhall on the line of the Antonine Wall |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |date=2008 |volume=138 |pages=129-176 |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_138/138_129_176.pdf |accessdate=30 June 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Castlecary to Westerwood|url=http://www.antoninewall.co.uk/castlecary_roman_fort_westerwood.html|website=The Antonine Wall|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Westerwood to Bar Hill|url=http://www.antoninewall.co.uk/westerwood_roman_fort_bar_hill.html|website=The Antonine Wall|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Soldier|url=http://www.antoninewall.org/about-wall/living-wall/soldier|website=Frontiers of the Roman Empire|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
21. ^{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=S. N.|title=The Roman Occupation Of South Western Scotland Being Reports Of Excavations And Surveys Carried Out Under The Auspices Of The Glasgow Archaeological Society By John Clarke, J. M. Davidson, Anne S. Robertson, J. K. St. Joseph, Edited For The Society With An Historical Survey By S. N. Miller|date=1952|publisher=Robert Maclehose & Company Limited|location=Glasgow|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.227248/2015.227248.The-Roman#page/n243/mode/2up/search/castlecary|accessdate=11 October 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Children|url=http://www.antoninewall.org/about-wall/living-wall/children|website=Frontiers of the Roman Empire|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Roman child's leather shoe|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/4s9CJ-9VSTCcpFR389U8MA|website=A History of the World|publisher=BBC|accessdate=17 October 2017}}
24. ^{{cite web|last1=Rohl|first1=Darrell, Jesse|title=More than a Roman Monument: A Place-centred Approach to the Long-term History and Archaeology of the Antonine Wall|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9458/1/DarrellRohl_PhDThesis_2014.pdf?DDD6+#page=245|website=Durham Theses|publisher=Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online ref: 9458|accessdate=14 October 2017}}
25. ^{{cite book|last1=Macdonald|first1=Sir George|title=The Roman wall in Scotland, by Sir George Macdonald|date=1934|publisher=The Clarendon press|location=Oxford|pages=252-258|edition=2d ed., rev., enl., and in great part rewritten|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3760345;view=2up;seq=366;size=125|accessdate=11 October 2017}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Westerwood, Antonine Wall|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/45870/westerwood-antonine-wall|website=Canmore|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=distance slab (possible) decorated with triton and kneeling captive|url=http://www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/cgi-bin/foxweb/huntsearch/DetailedResults.fwx?collection=archaeology&searchTerm=F.16|website=Hunterian Museum|publisher=University of Glasgow|accessdate=12 October 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=dressed building stone with diamond pattern|url=http://www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/cgi-bin/foxweb/huntsearch/DetailedResults.fwx?collection=all&SearchTerm=F.1981.5&mdaCode=GLAHM&reqMethod=Link|website=Hunterian Museum & Art Gallery Collections: GLAHM F.1981.5|publisher=Glasgow University|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=jar, grey buff|url=http://www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/cgi-bin/foxweb/huntsearch/DetailedResults.fwx?collection=all&SearchTerm=F.1986.4&mdaCode=GLAHM&reqMethod=Link|website=Hunterian Museum & Art Gallery Collections: GLAHM F.1986.4|publisher=Glasgow University|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web |title=RIB 2157. Dedication |url=https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2157 |website=Roman Inscriptions of Britain |accessdate=2 June 2018}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Westerwood|url=http://roman-britain.co.uk/places/westerwood.htm|website=Roman Britain|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=NLC_Altar_To_Flavius_Verecundus_Update|url=https://vimeo.com/220976655|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=Westerwood|url=http://www.antoninewall.org/visiting-the-wall/things-to-see-and-do/site-by-site/westerwood|website=Frontiers of the Roman Empire|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
34. ^{{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=R. P.|title=A Roman Altar from Westerwood on the Antonine Wall|publisher=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|edition=Volume 100, 192-3|url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_100/100_192_193.pdf|accessdate=15 February 2018}}
35. ^{{cite journal |last1=Keppie |first1=L J F |title=Excavations at the Roman fort of Westerwood on the Antonine Wall, 1985–88 |journal=Glasgow Archaeological Journal |date=Sep 2010 |volume=19 |issue=19 |pages=83-100 |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/pdfplus/10.3366/gas.1994.19.19.83#page=11 |accessdate=9 June 2018}}