请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Fred Phelps
释义

  1. Early life and education

  2. Legal career

     Civil rights cases  Disbarment 

  3. Family life

  4. Religious beliefs

  5. Church protest activities

     Lawsuit against Westboro Baptist Church  Efforts to discourage funeral protests  People targeted by Phelps 

  6. Political activities

     Anti-gay  Democratic Party  Saddam Hussein 

  7. Arrests and traveling restrictions

     United States  United Kingdom 

  8. In the media

  9. Excommunication and death

  10. Electoral history

  11. See also

  12. References

  13. External links

{{short description|American pastor and activist}}{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Fred Phelps
| image = Fred Phelps 10-29-2002.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Phelps in October 2002
| birth_name = Fred Waldron Phelps
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|11|13|mf=y}}
| birth_place = Meridian, Mississippi, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|03|19|1929|11|13|mf=y}}
| death_place = Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
| organization = Westboro Baptist Church
| other_names =
| education = {{Unbulleted list
| Associate's degree, John Muir College, 1951
| Law degree, Washburn University, 1964
}}
| occupation = Pastor, lawyer
| ordained =
| writings =
| party = Democratic
| offices_held =
| title =
| spouse = {{marriage|Margie Marie Simms|1952}}
| children = 13, including
Shirley Phelps-Roper and
Nathan Phelps
| parents =
| relations = Megan Phelps-Roper (granddaughter)
}}

Fred Waldron Phelps Sr. (November 13, 1929 – March 19, 2014) was the American minister of the Westboro Baptist Church and a civil rights attorney who became known for his extreme views on homosexuality and protests near the funerals of gay people, military veterans, and disaster victims, whose deaths, he believed, were the result of God punishing the U.S. for having "bankrupt values" and tolerating gay people.

The Westboro Baptist Church, a Topeka, Kansas-based independent fundamentalist ministry that Phelps founded in 1955, has been called "arguably the most obnoxious and rabid hate group in America."[1] Its signature slogan, "God Hates Fags", remains the name of the group's principal website.

In addition to funerals, Phelps and his followers—mostly his own immediate family members—picketed gay pride gatherings, high-profile political events, university commencement ceremonies, live performances of The Laramie Project, and functions sponsored by mainstream Christian groups with which he had no affiliation, arguing it was their sacred duty to warn others of God's anger. He continued doing so in the face of numerous legal challenges—some of which reached the U.S. Supreme Court—and near-universal opposition and contempt from other religious groups and the general public.[3] Laws enacted at both the federal[3][4][5] and state[6] levels for the specific purpose of curtailing his disruptive activities were limited in their effectiveness due to the Constitutional protections afforded to Phelps under the First Amendment.

Although Phelps died in 2014, the Westboro Baptist Church remains in operation. It continues to conduct regular demonstrations outside movie theaters, universities, government buildings, and other facilities in Topeka and elsewhere, and is still characterized as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center.[7][8]

Early life and education

Fred Waldron Phelps Sr. was born on November 13, 1929 in Meridian, Mississippi, the elder of two children of Catherine Idalette (née Johnston) and Fred Wade Phelps. His father was a railroad policeman for the Columbus and Greenville Railway and a devout Methodist; his mother was a homemaker.[9] In 1935, Catherine Phelps succumbed to esophageal cancer at the age of 28.[9] Her aunt, Irene Jordan, helped care for Fred and his younger sister Martha Jean until December 1944, when the elder Phelps married Olive Briggs, a 39-year-old divorcee.[9]

Fred distinguished himself scholastically and was an Eagle Scout.[10] He also was a member of Phi Kappa, a high school social fraternity, president of the Young Peoples Department of Central United Methodist Church and was honored as the best drilled member of the Mississippi Junior State Guard, a unit similar to the Reserve Officer Training Corps. He graduated high school at 16 years old, ranking sixth in his graduating class of 213 students, and was the class orator at his commencement.[11] After graduating from high school he received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point; but ultimately couldn't pass the physical entrance exam.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

On September 8, 1947, at the age of 17, he was ordained a Southern Baptist minister and moved to Cleveland, Tennessee, to attend Bob Jones College (now Bob Jones University, Greenville, South Carolina).[1] A combination of Phelps' failure to retain the West Point appointment (which his father had worked hard to obtain), his abandonment of his father's beloved Methodist faith, and his father's remarriage to a divorcee (Phelps would later become an outspoken critic of divorcees) precipitated a lifelong estrangement from his father and stepmother—and by some accounts, from his sister as well. Phelps apparently never spoke to his family members again, and returned all of their letters, birthday cards, and Christmas gifts for his children, unopened.[12]

Phelps dropped out of Bob Jones College in 1948.[13] He moved to California and became a street preacher while attending John Muir College in Pasadena. The June 11, 1951 issue of Time magazine included a story on Phelps, who lectured fellow students about "sins committed on campus by students and teachers", including "promiscuous petting, evil language, profanity, cheating, teachers' filthy jokes in classrooms, and pandering to the lusts of the flesh." When the college ordered him to stop, citing a Californian law that forbade the teaching of religion on any public school campus, he moved his sermons across the street.[14] In October 1951, Phelps met Margie Marie Simms and married her in May 1952.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

In 1954, Phelps, his pregnant wife, and their newborn son moved to Topeka, Kansas, where he was hired by the East Side Baptist Church as an associate pastor. The following year, the church's leadership opened Westboro Baptist Church on the other side of town, and Phelps became its pastor.[15]

Although the new church was ostensibly nondenominational, Phelps preached a doctrine very similar to that of the Primitive Baptists, who believe in scriptural literalism. Thus Christian biblical scripture is literally true and a predetermined number of people, who were selected for redemption before the world was created, will be saved on Judgment Day.[13] His vitriolic preaching alienated church leaders and most of the original congregation, leaving him with a small following consisting almost entirely of his own relatives and close friends.[16]

Phelps was forced to support himself selling vacuum cleaners, baby strollers, and insurance; later, some of his 13 children were reportedly compelled to sell candy door-to-door for several hours each day. In 1972, two companies sued Westboro Baptist for failing to pay for the candy being resold by the children.[22]

Legal career

Civil rights cases

Phelps earned a law degree from Washburn University in 1964, and founded the Phelps Chartered law firm.[17] The first notable cases were related to civil rights. "I systematically brought down the Jim Crow laws of this town", he claimed.[18] Phelps' daughter was quoted as saying, "We took on the Jim Crow establishment, and Kansas did not take that sitting down. They used to shoot our car windows out, screaming we were nigger lovers", and that the Phelps law firm made up one-third of the state's federal docket of civil rights cases.[19]

Phelps took cases on behalf of African-American clients alleging racial discrimination by school systems, and a predominantly black American Legion post which had been raided by police, alleging racially based police abuse.[20] Phelps' law firm obtained settlements for some clients.[21]

Phelps sued President Ronald Reagan over Reagan's appointment of a U.S. ambassador to the Vatican, alleging this violated separation of church and state. The case was dismissed by the U.S. district court.[21][22]

Phelps' law firm, staffed by himself and family members also represented non-white Kansans in discrimination actions against Kansas City Power and Light, Southwestern Bell, and the Topeka City Attorney, and represented two female professors alleging discrimination in Kansas universities.[19]

A defeat in his civil rights suit against the City of Wichita and others, on behalf of Jesse O. Rice (the fired Executive Director of the Wichita Civil Rights Equal Employment Opportunity Commission), among other causes, would lead to further legal actions ending in Phelps' disbarment and censure.{{clarify|date=January 2018}}[23][24]

In the 1980s, Phelps received awards from the Greater Kansas City Chapter of Blacks in Government and the Bonner Springs branch of the NAACP, for his work on behalf of black clients.[21] In 1994, a self-published book by Jon Michael Bell averred that, although Phelps worked on behalf of many black clients, he reportedly expressed racist views. One of his sons, Nate, stated that Phelps largely took civil rights cases for money rather than principle. Nate said that his father "held racist attitudes" and he would use slurs against black clients: "They would come into his office and after they left, he would talk about how stupid they were and call them dumb niggers." His sister, Shirley, denies Nate Phelps' account and claims he never used racist language.[25]

Disbarment

A formal complaint was filed against Phelps on November 8, 1977 by the Kansas State Board of Law Examiners due to his conduct during a lawsuit against a court reporter named Carolene Brady, who had failed to have a court transcript ready for Phelps on the day he asked for it. Although it did not affect the outcome of the case, Phelps sued her for $22,000.[26][27]

In the ensuing trial, Phelps called Brady to the stand, declared her a hostile witness, and then cross-examined her for nearly a week, during which he accused her of being a "slut", tried to introduce testimony from former boyfriends whom Phelps wanted to subpoena, and accused her of a variety of perverse sexual acts, ultimately reducing her to tears on the stand.[26][27]

Phelps lost the case. According to the Kansas Supreme Court:

{{quote|The trial became an exhibition of a personal vendetta by Phelps against Carolene Brady. His examination was replete with repetition, badgering, innuendo, belligerence, irrelevant and immaterial matter, evidencing only a desire to hurt and destroy the defendant. The jury verdict didn't stop the onslaught of Phelps. He was not satisfied with the hurt, pain, and damage he had visited on Carolene Brady.[26][27]}}

In an appeal, Phelps prepared affidavits swearing to the court that he had eight witnesses whose testimony would convince the court to rule in his favor. Brady obtained sworn, signed affidavits from those eight people in question, all of whom said that Phelps had never contacted them and that they had no reason to testify against Brady.[26][27]

Phelps was found to have made "false statements in violation of DR 7–102(A)(5)". On July 20, 1979, Phelps was permanently disbarred from practicing law in the state of Kansas, although he continued to practice in federal courts.[26][27][23][24]

In 1985, nine Federal judges filed a disciplinary complaint against Phelps and five of his children, alleging false accusations against the judges. In 1989, the complaint was settled; Phelps agreed to stop practicing law in Federal court permanently, and two of his children were suspended: one for a period of six months and the other for one year, respectively.[23][24][28]

Family life

Phelps married Margie M. Simms in May 1952, a year after the couple met at the Arizona Bible Institute. They had 13 children, 54 grandchildren, and 7 great-grandchildren.[29]

Nathan Phelps, Fred Phelps' estranged son, claims that the elder Phelps was an abusive father, that he (Nate) never had a relationship with him when he was growing up, and that the Westboro Baptist Church is an organization for his father to "vent his rage and anger."[30] He alleges that, in addition to hurting others, his father used to physically abuse his wife and children by beating them with his fists and with the handle of a mattock to the point of bleeding.[30][31] Phelps' brother Mark has supported and repeated Nathan's claims of physical abuse by their father.[32] Since 2004, over 20 members of the church, mostly family members, have left the church and his family.[33]

Religious beliefs

Phelps described himself as an Old School Baptist, and stated that he held to all Five Points of Calvinism.[34] Phelps particularly highlighted John Calvin's doctrine of unconditional election, the belief that God has elected certain people for salvation before birth, and limited atonement, the belief that Christ only died for the elect, and condemns those who believe otherwise.[35] Despite claiming to be an Old School Baptist, he was ordained by a Southern Baptist church, and was rejected and generally condemned by Old School (or Primitive) Baptists.[36]

Phelps viewed Arminianism (particularly the views of the Methodist theologian William Elbert Munsey) as a "worse blasphemy and heresy than that heard in all filthy Saturday night fag bars in the aggregate in the world".[37]

In addition to John Calvin, Phelps admired Martin Luther and Bob Jones Sr., and approvingly quoted a statement by Jones that "what this country needs is 50 Jonathan Edwardses turned loose in it."[38] Phelps particularly held to equal ultimacy, believing that "God Almighty makes some willing and he leads others into sin", a view he said is Calvinist.[39] However, many theologians would identify him as a Hyper-Calvinist ("hyper" meaning "beyond" or "above" not "extreme").[40]

Phelps opposed common Baptist practices like Sunday school meetings, Bible colleges and seminaries, and multi-denominational crusades,[41] although he attended Bob Jones University and worked with Billy Graham in his Los Angeles Crusade before Graham changed his views on a literal Hell and salvation. Phelps considered Graham the greatest false prophet since Balaam, and also condemned large church leaders such as Robert Schuller and Jerry Falwell, in addition to all Catholics.[42]

Church protest activities

{{Main|Westboro Baptist Church}}

All of Phelps' recent actions were in conjunction with the congregation of Westboro Baptist Church (WBC), an American unaffiliated Baptist church known for its extreme ideologies, especially those against gay people.[43][44] The church is widely described as a hate group[45] and is monitored as such by the Anti-Defamation League and Southern Poverty Law Center. It was headed by Phelps until his later years when he took a reduced role in the activities of the church and his family.[33] In March 2014, church representatives said that the church had not had a defined leader in "a very long time,"[46] and church members consist primarily of his large family;[47] in 2011, the church stated that it had about 40 members.[48] The church is headquartered in a residential neighborhood on the west side of Topeka about three miles (5 km) west of the Kansas State Capitol. Its first public service was held on the afternoon of November 27, 1955.[49]

The church has been involved in actions against gay people since at least 1991, when it sought a crackdown on homosexual activity at Gage Park six blocks northwest of the church.[50] In 2001, Phelps estimated that the WBC had held 40 pickets a week for the previous 10 years.[51] In addition to conducting anti-gay protests at military funerals, the organization pickets other celebrity funerals and public events that are likely to get it media attention.[52] Protests have also been held against Jews, and some protests have included WBC members stomping on the American flag.

Lawsuit against Westboro Baptist Church

{{main|Snyder v. Phelps}}

On March 10, 2006, WBC picketed the funeral of Marine Lance Corporal Matthew A. Snyder, who died in combat in Iraq on March 3, 2006.[53] The Snyder family sued Fred Phelps for defamation, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.[54]

On October 31, 2007, WBC, Fred Phelps and his two daughters, Shirley Phelps-Roper and Rebekah Phelps-Davis, were found liable for invasion of privacy and intentional infliction of emotional distress. A federal jury awarded Snyder's father $2.9 million in compensatory damages, then later added a decision to award $6 million in punitive damages for invasion of privacy and an additional $2 million for causing emotional distress (a total of $10.9 million).[55]

The lawsuit named Albert Snyder, father of Matthew Snyder, as the plaintiff and Fred W. Phelps, Sr.; Westboro Baptist Church, Inc.; Rebekah Phelps-Davis; and Shirley Phelps-Roper as defendants, alleging that they were responsible for publishing defamatory information about the Snyder family on the Internet, including statements that Albert and his wife had "raised [Matthew] for the devil" and taught him "to defy his Creator, to divorce, and to commit adultery". Other statements denounced them for raising their son Catholic. Snyder further complained the defendants had intruded upon and staged protests at his son's funeral. The claims of invasion of privacy and defamation arising from comments posted about Snyder on the Westboro website were dismissed on First Amendment grounds, but the case proceeded to trial on the remaining three counts.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Albert Snyder, the father of LCpl Matthew A. Snyder, testified:

{{quote|They turned this funeral into a media circus and they wanted to hurt my family. They wanted their message heard and they didn't care who they stepped over. My son should have been buried with dignity, not with a bunch of clowns outside.[56]}}

In his instructions to the jury, U.S. District Judge Richard D. Bennett stated that the First Amendment protection of free speech has limits, including vulgar, offensive and shocking statements, and that the jury must decide "whether the defendant's actions would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, whether they were extreme and outrageous and whether these actions were so offensive and shocking as to not be entitled to First Amendment protection". (see also Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, a case in which certain personal slurs and obscene utterances by an individual were found unworthy of First Amendment protection, due to the potential for violence resulting from their utterance). WBC sought a mistrial based on alleged prejudicial statements made by the judge and violations of the gag order by the plaintiff's attorney. An appeal was also sought by the WBC. On February 4, 2008, Bennett upheld the ruling but reduced the punitive damages from $8 million to $2.1 million. The total judgment then stood at $5 million. Court liens were ordered on church buildings and Phelps' law office in an attempt to ensure that the damages were paid.[57]

An appeal by WBC was heard on September 24, 2009. The federal appeals court ruled in favor of Phelps and Westboro Baptist Church, stating that their picket near the funeral of LCpl Matthew A. Snyder is protected speech and did not violate the privacy of the service member's family, reversing the lower court's $5 million judgment. On March 30, 2010, the federal appeals court ordered Albert Snyder to pay the court costs for the Westboro Baptist Church, an amount totaling $16,510.[58] Political commentator Bill O'Reilly agreed on March 30 to cover the costs, pending appeal.[59]

A writ of certiorari was granted on an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, and the oral argument for the case took place on October 6, 2010. Margie Phelps, one of Fred Phelps' children, represented the Westboro Baptist Church.[60]

The Court ruled in favor of Phelps in an 8–1 decision, holding that the protesters' speech related to a public issue, and was disseminated on a public sidewalk. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote, for the majority, "As a nation we have chosen ... to protect even hurtful speech on public issues to ensure that we do not stifle public debate." Justice Samuel Alito, the lone dissenter, wrote, "Our profound national commitment to free and open debate is not a license for the vicious verbal assault that occurred in this case."[84]

Efforts to discourage funeral protests

On May 24, 2006, the United States House and Senate passed the Respect for America's Fallen Heroes Act, which President George W. Bush signed five days later. The act bans protests within {{convert|300|ft|m}} of national cemeteries – which numbered 122 when the bill was signed – from an hour before a funeral to an hour after it. Violators face up to a $100,000 fine and up to a year in prison.[61]

On August 6, 2012, President Obama signed {{USPL|112|154}}, the Honoring America's Veterans and Caring for Camp Lejeune Families Act of 2012 which, among other things, requires a {{convert|300|ft|m|adj=on}} and 2-hour buffer zone around military funerals.[5]

{{As of|2006|04}}, nine states had passed laws regarding protests near funeral sites immediately before and after ceremonies:{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Illinois[62]
  • Indiana[63]
  • Iowa[64]
  • Kansas
  • Kentucky[66]
  • Louisiana[67]
  • Maryland[68]
  • Michigan
  • Missouri
{{div col end}}

States that are considering laws are:

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Nebraska
  • Ohio
  • Oklahoma
  • South Carolina[72]
  • South Dakota
  • Texas
  • Vermont
  • Virginia
  • West Virginia
  • Wisconsin[73]
{{div col end}}

Florida increased the penalty for disturbing military funerals, amending a previous ban on the disruption of lawful assembly.[74]

On January 11, 2011, Arizona passed an emergency measure which prohibits protests within {{convert|300|ft|m}} of any funeral services, in response to an announcement by the WBC that it planned to protest at 2011 Tucson shooting victim Christina Green's funeral.[75]

These bans have been contested. Bart McQueary, having protested with Phelps on at least three occasions,[76] filed a lawsuit in federal court challenging the constitutionality of Kentucky's funeral protest ban. On September 26, 2006, a district court agreed and entered an injunction prohibiting the ban from being enforced.[76] In the opinion, the judge wrote:

{{quote|Sections 5(1)(b) and (c) restrict substantially more speech than that which would interfere with a funeral or that which would be so obtrusive that funeral participants could not avoid it. Accordingly, the provisions are not narrowly tailored to serve a significant government interest but are instead unconstitutionally overbroad.}}

The American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit in Missouri on behalf of Phelps and Westboro Baptist Church to overturn the ban on the picketing of soldier's funerals.[77] The ACLU of Ohio also filed a similar lawsuit.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

In the case of Snyder v. Phelps, the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that "distasteful and repugnant" protests surrounding funerals of service members were protected by the First Amendment. But attorneys for the service member's family appealed the decision on the grounds that such speech should not be allowed to inflict emotional distress on private parties exercising their freedom of religion during a funeral service. The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case on October 6, 2010 and ruled 8–1 in favor of Phelps in an opinion released on March 2, 2011.[78] The court held that "any distress occasioned by Westboro's picketing turned on the content and viewpoint of the message conveyed, rather than any interference with the funeral itself" and thus could not be restricted.[79]

People targeted by Phelps

Beginning in the early 1990s, Phelps targeted several individuals and groups in the public eye for criticism by the Westboro Baptist Church.

Prominent examples include President Ronald Reagan, Princess Diana, Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist, National Football League star Reggie White, Sonny Bono, comedian George Carlin, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, atheists, Muslims, murdered college student Matthew Shepard, children's television host Fred Rogers, Australian actor Heath Ledger, Comedy Central's Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert, political commentator Bill O'Reilly, Jews,[106] film critic Roger Ebert,[80] Catholics, Australians,[81] Swedes, the Irish, and US soldiers killed in Iraq. He also targeted the Joseph Estabrook Elementary School in Lexington, Massachusetts, center of the David Parker controversy. In 2006, they planned a protest at the funeral for the five girls murdered during the West Nickel Mines School shooting in Pennsylvania, but called it off, opting to spread their messages on a local radio station instead.[82] In 2007 he stated that he would target Jerry Falwell's funeral.[83]

Phelps' daughter, Shirley Phelps-Roper, has appeared on Fox News Channel, defending the WBC and attacking homosexuality. She and her children have also appeared on the Howard Stern radio show attempting to promote their agenda and church. Phelps' followers have repeatedly protested the University of Kansas School of Law's graduation ceremonies.

In August 2007, in the wake of the Minneapolis I-35W bridge collapse, Phelps and his congregation stated that they would protest at the funerals of the victims. In a statement, the church said that Minneapolis is the "land of the Sodomite damned".[84]

Political activities

Anti-gay

In the movie Hatemongers, members of the Westboro Baptist Church state their children were being "accosted" by homosexuals in Gage Park, about {{convert|1/2|mi|m|sigfig=1}} from the Phelps' home (and a mile (1.5 km) northwest of the Westboro Church). Shirley Phelps-Roper says that, in the late 1980s, Fred Phelps witnessed a homosexual attempting to lure her then five-year-old son Joshua into some shrubbery. After several complaints to the local government about the large amount of homosexual sex occurring in the park, with no resulting action, the Phelpses put up signs warning of homosexual activity. This resulted in much negative attention for the family. When the Phelpses called on local churches to speak against the activity in Gage Park, the churches also lashed out against the Phelps family, leading to the family protesting homosexuality on a regular basis.[19]

In 2005, Phelps and his family, along with several other local congregations, held a signature drive to bring about a vote to repeal two city ordinances that added sexual orientation to a definition of hate crimes and banned the city itself from workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation. Enough signatures were collected to bring the measure to a vote.[85] Topeka voters defeated the repeal measure on March 1, 2005, by a 53–47% margin. In the same election, Phelps' granddaughter Jael was an unsuccessful candidate for the Topeka City Council, seeking to replace Tiffany Muller, the first openly gay member of the Council.[86]

Democratic Party

Phelps ran in various Kansas Democratic Party primaries five times, but never won. These included races for governor in 1990, 1994, and 1998, receiving about 15 percent of the vote in 1998.[87] In the 1992 Democratic Party primary for U.S. Senate, Phelps received 31 percent of the vote.[88] Phelps ran for mayor of Topeka in 1993[89][90] and 1997.[91]

Phelps supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic Party presidential primary election.[91] In his 1984 Senate race, Gore had opposed a "gay bill of rights" and stated that homosexuality was not something that "society should affirm", a position Gore had publicly changed by 2000 as his official position. Phelps stated that he supported Gore because of these earlier comments.[92]

In 1996 Phelps opposed Clinton's (and Gore's) re-election because of the administration's support for gay rights; the Westboro congregation picketed a 1997 inaugural ball.[93]

Saddam Hussein

In 1997, Phelps wrote a letter to Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, praising his regime for being "the only Muslim state that allows the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ to be freely and openly preached on the streets".[94] Furthermore, he stated that he would like to send a delegation to Baghdad to "preach the Gospel" for one week. Hussein granted permission, and a group of WBC congregants traveled to Iraq to protest against the US. The WBC members stood on the streets of Baghdad holding signs condemning both Bill and Hillary Clinton, as well as anal sex.[91]

Arrests and traveling restrictions

United States

In 1994, Phelps was convicted of disorderly conduct for verbal harassment, and received two suspended 30-day jail sentences.[28][89]

Phelps' 1995 conviction for assault and battery carried a five-year prison sentence, with a mandatory 18 months to be served before he became eligible for parole. Phelps fought to be allowed to remain free until his appeals process went through. Days away from being arrested and sent to prison, a judge ruled that Phelps had been denied a speedy trial and that he was not required to serve any time.[28][89]

United Kingdom

On February 18, 2009, two days before the Westboro Baptist Church's first UK picket, the United Kingdom Home Office announced that Fred Phelps and Shirley Phelps-Roper would be refused entry and that "other church members could also be flagged and stopped if they tried to enter Britain".[95] In May 2009, he and his daughter Shirley were placed on the Home Office's "name and shame" list of people barred from entering the UK for "fostering hatred which might lead to inter-community violence".[96]

In the media

In 1993, Phelps appeared on a first-season episode of the talk show Ricki Lake, alleging that homosexuals and "anyone who carries the AIDS virus" deserved to die. When Phelps and his son{{who|date=January 2018}} became increasingly belligerent, Lake ordered the Phelps family to leave the studio. During a commercial break, the two were forced off the set and escorted out of the building by security.[97] After Phelps died, Lake tweeted that when he had been on the show, he had told her that she worshipped her own rectum — a remark that led her to take action off-stage to have Phelps removed from the set.[98]

The Phelps family was the subject of the 2007 TV program The Most Hated Family in America, presented on the BBC by Louis Theroux.[99] Four years after his original documentary, Theroux produced a follow-up program America's Most Hated Family in Crisis, which was prompted by news of family members leaving the church.[100] Phelps' son Nate has broken ranks with the family and in an interview with Peter W. Klein on the Canadian program The Standard, he characterized his father as abusive and warned the Phelps family could turn violent.[101] Writing in response to Phelps' death in 2014, Theroux described Phelps as "an angry bigot who thrived on conflict", and expressed the view that his death would not lead to any "huge changes" in the church, as he saw it as operating with the dynamics of a large family rather than a cult.[102]

Kevin Smith produced a horror film titled Red State featuring a religious fundamentalist villain inspired by Phelps.[103][104]

Phelps appeared in A Union in Wait, a 2001 Sundance Channel documentary film about same-sex marriage, directed by Ryan Butler after Phelps picketed Wake Forest Baptist Church at Wake Forest University over a proposed same-sex union ceremony.

Excommunication and death

{{wikinews|Kansas anti-gay church leader Fred Phelps dies at 84}}

Fred Phelps preached his final Sunday sermon on September 1, 2013. Five weeks later, sermons resumed from various members.[105][106]

According to Phelps' grandson and former church member Zach Phelps-Roper, Phelps was voted out of the church after undergoing a "change of heart" regarding his religious beliefs. Zach reported that Phelps had spoken in support of the members of Equality House across the road from the church, which was regarded as "rank blasphemy" by the church.[107][108]

On March 15, 2014, Nathan Phelps, Phelps' estranged son, reported that Phelps was in very poor health and was receiving hospice care.[109] He said that Phelps had been excommunicated from the church in August 2013, and then moved into a house where he "basically stopped eating and drinking".[109][110][111] His statements were supported by his brother, Mark.

Church spokesman Steve Drain declined to answer questions about Phelps' excommunication, and denied that the church had a single leader. Drain said that "the church of Jesus Christ doesn't have a head" and "the Lord Jesus Christ is our head". Referring to the church having a defined leader, he said that "for a very long time, we haven't been organized in the way you think".[112] The church's official website said that membership status is private and did not confirm or deny the excommunication.[113]

Phelps died of natural causes shortly before midnight on March 19, 2014.[114][115][116] His daughter, Shirley, stated that a funeral for her father would not be held because the church does not "worship the dead".[116] According to Nathan Phelps, Fred Phelps' body was immediately cremated and no information about the disposition of his ashes has been released.[117] The Recovering From Religion organization released a statement on behalf of Nathan, who is on their board of directors, about his father's death.[118] Time published an obituary by author David von Drehle that described Phelps as "a colossal jerk" and "the kind of person no one wanted to be around." Media interest in Phelps was summarized: "one journalist after another took Phelps's bait, then tried to spit out the hook once the dishonesty and shabbiness of the man's enterprise grew clear."[119]

Electoral history

Democratic primary for Governor of Kansas, 1990
  • Joan Finney: 81,250 (47.18%)
  • John Carlin: 79,406 (46.11%)
  • Fred Phelps: 11,572 (6.72%)
Democratic primary for United States Senate, Kansas 1992
  • Gloria O'Dell: 111,015 (69.20%)
  • Fred Phelps: 49,416 (30.80%)
Democratic primary for Governor of Kansas, 1994
  • Jim Slattery: 84,389 (53.02%)
  • Joan Wagnon: 42,115 (26.46%)
  • James Francisco: 16,048 (10.08%)
  • Leslie Kitchenmaster: 11,253 (7.07%)
  • Fred Phelps: 5,349 (3.36%)
Democratic primary for Governor of Kansas, 1998
  • Tom Sawyer: 88,248 (85.28%)
  • Fred Phelps: 15,233 (14.72%)[120]

See also

{{Portal|Baptist|Biography|Kansas|Mississippi}}
  • Christianity and homosexuality
  • The Bible and homosexuality
{{clear|right}}

References

1. ^1 [https://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/amphtml/USA/Society/2014/0320/Fred-Phelps-no-funeral-for-the-preacher-who-picketed-so-many-video Phelps: No funeral for the preacher who picketed so many.]{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Christian Science Monitor (March 20, 2014), retrieved September 27, 2016.
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.directnic.com/whois/index.php?query=godhatesfags.com|title=GodHatesFags.com registration information|publisher=}}
3. ^{{citation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/30/AR2006053000134.html|title=Bush Says U.S. Must Honor War Dead|last=Pickler|first=Nedra|date=May 30, 2006|work=The Washington Post|agency=The Associated Press|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
4. ^Honoring America's Veterans and Caring for Camp Lejeune Families Act of 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214093535/http://veterans.house.gov/hr1627|date=February 14, 2013}}, U.S. House of Representatives (accessed February 21, 2013)
5. ^1 {{cite web|last=Wing|first=Nick|title=Honoring America's Veterans Act Signed By Obama, Restricting Westboro Military Funeral Protests|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/06/honoring-americas-veterans-act-obama_n_1748454.html|publisher=The Huffington Post|accessdate=January 16, 2013|date=August 6, 2012}}
6. ^{{citation|url=http://cjonline.com/stories/032007/sta_157398869.shtml|title=Panel Sets Buffer Zone|last=Carpenter|first=Tim|date=March 20, 2007|work=The Topeka Capital-Journal|accessdate=December 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318210545/http://cjonline.com/stories/032007/sta_157398869.shtml|archive-date=March 18, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
7. ^{{citation|url=http://www.adl.org/special_reports/wbc/default.asp |title=Westboro Baptist Church |author=Anti-Defamation League|authorlink=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=December 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308113420/http://www.adl.org/special_reports/wbc/default.asp |archivedate=March 8, 2007 |df= }}
8. ^{{citation|last=Potok|first=Mark|year=2006|title=Hate Groups Increase Numbers, Unite Against Immigrants|journal=Intelligence Report|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|issue=121|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2006/spring/the-year-in-hate-2005}}
9. ^1 2 {{citation|url=http://cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/stories/080394_phelps01.shtml|title=The Transformation of Fred Phelps|last=Taschler|first=Joe|date=August 3, 1994|work=The Topeka Capital-Journal|accessdate=December 11, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301061252/http://cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/stories/080394_phelps01.shtml|archivedate=March 1, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
10. ^{{cite news|last=Mann|first=Fred|url=http://www.kansas.com/2012/12/18/2608194/2006-what-led-fred-phelps-to-his.html |title=2006: What led Westboro's Fred Phelps to his beliefs and actions?|publisher=Wichita Eagle|date=December 18, 2012|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}
11. ^http://www.cjonline.com/article/20140320/NEWS/303209780
12. ^{{cite news|last=Taschler|first=Joe|author2=Steve Fry|url=http://cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/stories/080394_phelps14.shtml|title=Phelps at odds with father, sister|publisher=CJOnline|date=August 3, 1994|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031122060832/http://www.cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/stories/080394_phelps14.shtml|archive-date=November 22, 2003|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
13. ^1 Phelps' life turned from brilliance to hatred, Topeka Capital Journal, March 20, 2014 (archives search); retrieved September 28, 2016.
14. ^{{citation|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,814897,00.html|title=Religion: Repentance In Pasadena|date=June 11, 1951|work=Time|accessdate=December 10, 2012}} (behind subscription wall)
15. ^{{cite news|title=Fate, timing kept Phelps in Topeka|first=Joe|last=Taschler|last2=Fry|first2=Steve|url=http://cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/stories/080394_phelps13.shtml|newspaper=Topeka Capital-Journal|date=August 3, 1994|accessdate=September 13, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927070336/http://cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/stories/080394_phelps13.shtml|archivedate=September 27, 2012}}
16. ^[https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-fred-phelps-and-westboro-baptist-church 9 Things You Should Know About Fred Phelps and Westboro Baptist Church]. thegospelcoalition.org (March 14, 2009), retrieved October 3, 2016.
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/stories/080394_phelps16.shtml|title=Phelp's Law Career Checkered|work=The Topeka Capital-Journal|accessdate=December 10, 2012|last=Taschler|first=Joe|last2=Fry|first2=Steve|date=August 3, 1994|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101115350/http://cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/stories/080394_phelps16.shtml|archive-date=January 1, 2013|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
18. ^{{citation|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1999/03/man-who-loves-hate|title=The Man Who Loves To Hate|last=Lauerman|first=Kerry|year=1999|work=Mother Jones|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite news|first=Donna|last=Ladd|url=http://www.ocweekly.com/1999-09-16/news/a-love-hate-thing/|title=A Love/Hate Thing|newspaper=OC Weekly|publisher=Voice Media|location=Long Beach, California|date=September 9, 1999|accessdate=December 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130235001/http://www.ocweekly.com/1999-09-16/news/a-love-hate-thing/|archive-date=November 30, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
20. ^{{cite journal|last=Swenson|first=Scott|title=Fred Phelps Returns: Judgment Day|journal=The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide|date=2010|volume=17|issue=5|url=http://www.glreview.com/article.php?articleid=256|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114172331/http://www.glreview.com/article.php?articleid=256|archivedate=January 14, 2012|df=mdy-all}}
21. ^1 2 {{cite news|first=Joe|last=Taschler|first2=Steve|last2=Fry|title=As a lawyer, Phelps was good in court|date=August 3, 1994|newspaper=The Topeka Capital-Journal|url=http://www.cjonline.com:80/indepth/phelps/stories/080394_phelps17.shtml|publisher=GateHouse Media|location=Topeka, Kansas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030720111243/http://www.cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/stories/080394_phelps17.shtml|dead-url=yes|archive-date=July 20, 2003|accessdate=July 20, 2003|df=mdy-all}}
22. ^{{cite court|url=http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1986/sg860401.txt|litigants=American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A., et all., Petitioners v. Ronald W. Reagan, President of the United States of America, et al|year=1986|accessdate=December 10, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015002003/http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1986/sg860401.txt|archivedate=October 15, 2012}}
23. ^1 2 {{cite court|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/1981808637F2d171_1792/IN%20THE%20MATTER%20OF%20DISCIPLINARY%20PROCEEDINGS%20OF%20PHELPS|title=In the Matter of Fred W. PHELPS, Sr., Respondent|number=85-212|volume=669 F.Supp. 1047|court=United States District Court, D.|location=Kansas|date=September 11, 1987|via=Leagle.com|accessdate=May 11, 2017}}
24. ^1 2 [https://www.leagle.com/decision/1981808637F2d171_1792/IN%20THE%20MATTER%20OF%20DISCIPLINARY%20PROCEEDINGS%20OF%20PHELPS "In the Matter of Disciplineary Proceedings of PHELPS No. 81-1022"], 637 F_2d 171 (1981), as transcribed at Leagle.com; retrieved May 11, 2017
25. ^{{cite web|first=John|last=Blake|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/05/05/hate.preacher/index.html|title='Most-hated', anti-gay preacher once fought for civil rights|website=CNN|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System|location=Atlanta, Georgia|date=May 5, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506031526/http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/05/05/hate.preacher/index.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=May 6, 2010}}
26. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16353368333889772229|title=State v. Phelps, 598 P. 2d 180 – Kan: Supreme Court 1979|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
27. ^1 2 3 4 {{citation|url=http://openjurist.org/662/f2d/649/phelps-v-kansas-supreme-court|title=662 F2d 649 Phelps v. Kansas Supreme Court|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
28. ^1 2 3 {{citation|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2001/spring/a-city-held-hostage/fred-phelps-timel|title=Fred Phelps Timeline|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/21/us/fred-phelps-founder-of-westboro-baptist-church-dies-at-84.html|title=Fred Phelps, Anti-Gay Preacher Who Targeted Military Funerals, Dies at 84|date=March 20, 2014|accessdate=March 21, 2014|last=Paulson|first=Michael|publisher=The New York Times}}
30. ^1 {{cite news|first=Ric|last=Anderson|url=http://cjonline.com/stories/072306/loc_phelps.shtml|title=Phelps' Son Speaks Out|newspaper=The Topeka Capital-Journal|date=July 23, 2006|accessdate=January 20, 2013}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/03/16/westboro.nate.phelps/index.html|title=Estranged Son of Anti-Gay Westboro Pastor Says Father Does 'Evil'|last=CNN Wire Staff|date=March 17, 2011|work=CNN|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pitch.com/kansascity/the-new-fred/Content?oid=2183486|title=The New Fred|last=Kendall|first=Justin|date=November 2, 2006|work=The Pitch|accessdate=January 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226164820/http://www.pitch.com/kansascity/the-new-fred/Content?oid=2183486|archive-date=December 26, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
33. ^1 {{cite news|first=Dugan|last=Arnett|url=http://www.kansascity.com/2011/11/19/3275645/megan-phelps-roper-an-heir-to.html|title=Megan Phelps-Roper of Westboro Baptist Church: An heir to hate|newspaper=Kansas City Star|date=November 21, 2012|accessdate=March 21, 2014}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.godhatesfags.com/faq.html|title=Westboro Baptist Church FAQ, Question 1|publisher=Godhatesfags.com|accessdate=July 9, 2010}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.godhatesfags.com/written/sermons/outlines/Sermon_20071230.pdf|title=Sermon Outline for Dec. 30, 2007|date=December 30, 2007|accessdate=July 9, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327111518/http://www.godhatesfags.com/written/sermons/outlines/Sermon_20071230.pdf|archivedate=March 27, 2009}}
36. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ydr.com/living/ci_16259961|title=The gospel according to Fred Phelps|publisher=The York Daily Record|date=February 24, 2014|accessdate=March 16, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323210017/http://www.ydr.com/living/ci_16259961|archivedate=March 23, 2014}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.godhatesfags.com/written/sermons/outlines/Sermon_20080907.pdf|title=Sermon Outline, September 7, 2008|date=September 7, 2008|accessdate=July 9, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327111442/http://www.godhatesfags.com/written/sermons/outlines/Sermon_20080907.pdf|archivedate=March 27, 2009}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mars-hill-forum.com/forumdoc/m070opgu.html|title=Debate with John Rankin, opening statement|publisher=Mars-hill-forum.com|accessdate=July 9, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807155240/http://www.mars-hill-forum.com/forumdoc/m070opgu.html|archivedate=August 7, 2008}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mars-hill-forum.com/forumdoc/m070quest.html|title=Debate with John Rankin, Q&A session|publisher=Mars-hill-forum.com|accessdate=July 9, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014225625/http://www.mars-hill-forum.com/forumdoc/m070quest.html|archivedate=October 14, 2008}}
40. ^{{citation|last=Bryson|first=George|title=The Dark Side of Calvinism: The Calvinist Caste System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mgaAAAACAAJ|accessdate=December 10, 2012|date=January 1, 2004|publisher=Calvary Chapel Publishing|isbn=978-1-931667-88-3|pages=55–56}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.godhatesfags.com/written/wbcinfo/memoonthechurch.pdf|title=Memo on the Church|accessdate=July 9, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419130119/http://www.godhatesfags.com/written/wbcinfo/memoonthechurch.pdf|archivedate=April 19, 2009}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.godhatesfags.com/written/sermons/outlines/Sermon_20070617.pdf|title=Sermon Outline, June 17, 2007|accessdate=July 9, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327111536/http://www.godhatesfags.com/written/sermons/outlines/Sermon_20070617.pdf|archivedate=March 27, 2009}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=God Hates Fags|url=http://www.godhatesfags.com/|publisher=Westboro Baptist Church|accessdate=June 20, 2010}}* {{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/09/westboro-baptist-church-p_n_350766.html|title=Westboro Baptist Church Protests Outside Obama Girls' School|work=The Huffington Post|date=March 18, 2010|accessdate=March 31, 2010|first=Rachel|last=Weiner}}* {{cite news|url=http://www.laweekly.com/2009-02-26/columns/h8ters-l-a-vacation-fred-phelps-146-antigay-baptists-come-out-on-oscar-night/|title=H8ters L.A. Vacation: Fred Phelps' Antigay Baptists Come Out on Oscar Night|last=Mikulan|first=Steven|date=February 25, 2009|work=L.A. Weekly|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}* {{cite news|url=http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=&sc2=news&sc3=&id=88362|title=Phelps Clan Met with Revelry and Frat Boys in Chicago|last=Melloy|first=Kilian|date=March 12, 2009|work=EDGE Boston|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}
44. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesunion.com/default/article/School-plans-safe-show-554814.php|title=School Plans 'Safe' Show|first=Kenneth C., II|last=Crowe|location=Albany, NY|work=Times Union|date=November 14, 2009|accessdate=July 1, 2011}}
45. ^{{cite web|title=Westboro Baptist Church |url=http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/WBC/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=3&item=WBC |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |accessdate=June 20, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707223315/http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/WBC/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=3&item=WBC|archivedate=July 7, 2010 }}* {{Cite news|title=Hate group protests this week|url=http://temple-news.com/2010/03/30/hate-group-protests-this-week|date=March 30, 2010|work=The Temple News|publisher=Temple University|location=Philadelphia|accessdate=June 30, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406033316/http://temple-news.com/2010/03/30/hate-group-protests-this-week|archivedate=April 6, 2010}}* {{cite news|title=Interview with Westboro Baptist Church: Hate in the Name of God|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/293364 |date=June 16, 2010|first=W.V.|last=Fitzgerald|work=DigitalJournal.com|accessdate=June 20, 2010 }}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://cjonline.com/news/local/2014-03-16/wbc-founder-fred-waldron-phelps-sr-hospice-spokesman-confirms|title=Son of Fred Phelps Sr. says father voted out of church|publisher=Topeka Capital-Journal|date=2014-03-16|accessdate=2014-03-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117222314/http://cjonline.com/news/local/2014-03-16/wbc-founder-fred-waldron-phelps-sr-hospice-spokesman-confirms|archivedate=November 17, 2016|df=mdy-all}}
47. ^{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/US/05/05/hate.preacher/index.html|title={{-'}}Most-hated', anti-gay preacher once fought for civil rights|publisher=CNN|author=John Blake|date=March 14, 2010|accessdate=May 20, 2010 }}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.sparenot.com/workmen/2011/10/27/you-are-still-alive-now-is-the-time-to-repent|title=You Are Still Alive: NOW Is The Time To Repent|date=October 27, 2011|publisher=Westboro Baptist Church|accessdate=November 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110104729/http://blogs.sparenot.com/workmen/2011/10/27/you-are-still-alive-now-is-the-time-to-repent|archivedate=January 10, 2012}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.godhatesamerica.com/sound/ghfsermons/OSBH19880131.mp3|title=Sermon preached by Fred Phelps|year=1987|accessdate=January 14, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208014706/http://www.godhatesamerica.com/sound/ghfsermons/OSBH19880131.mp3|archivedate=December 8, 2006}}
50. ^Jones, K. Ryan (2008), Fall from Grace (documentary)
51. ^{{citation|year=2001|title=Topeka: A City Bulled into Submission by the Westboro Baptist Church|journal=Intelligence Report|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|issue=101|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2001/spring/a-city-held-hostage}}
52. ^{{cite news|last=Wing|first=Nick|title=Elizabeth Edwards Funeral To Be Picketed By Westboro Baptist Church|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/09/elizabeth-edwards-funeral-westboro-baptist-church_n_794333.html|newspaper=The Huffington Post|date=2010-12-09}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-na-funeral-protests9-2010mar09,0,4930374.story|title=Supreme Court to Hear Case on Protests|last=Savage|first=David|date=March 9, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=December 11, 2012}}
54. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8673839.stm| title=Supreme Court: Kagan's philosophy hard to define|last=Connolly|first=Katie|date=May 10, 2010|work=BBC Online|accessdate=December 11, 2012}}
55. ^{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2007-10-31-3928600499_x.htm|title=Jury awards father $11M in funeral case|date=November 1, 2007|work=USA Today|agency =The Associated Press|accessdate=December 11, 2012}}
56. ^{{citation|url=http://www.newsline.umd.edu/justice/westboro-supreme-court-030211.htm|title=Supreme Court Upholds Anti-Gay Church's Protest Rights in Md. Case|last=Marso|first=Andy|date=March 2, 2011|work=Maryland Newsline|accessdate=December 22, 2012}}
57. ^{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2004164853_apfuneralprotests05.html|title=Damages Reduced in Funeral Protest Case|date=February 5, 2008|work=The Seattle Times|agency=The Associated Press|accessdate=December 11, 2012}}
58. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/29/father-of-dead-marine-ord_n_517614.html|title=Father of Dead Marine Ordered To Pay Legal Fees of Westboro Baptist Church Protesters|date=May 29, 2010|work=The Huffington Post|agency=The Associated Press|accessdate=December 11, 2012}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/04/marine_scotus_040510w|title=Snyder-Phelps Fight has Many Twists, Turns|last=Lamothe|first=Dan|date=April 5, 2010|work=Marine Corps Times|accessdate=December 11, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324031812/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/04/marine_scotus_040510w|archivedate=March 24, 2013}}
60. ^{{cite news|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/39531700/ns/politics/|title=Court Hears 'Thank God for Dead Soldiers' Case|date=October 6, 2010|work=MSN|agency=The Associated Press|accessdate=December 11, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919215544/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/39531700/ns/politics/|archivedate=September 19, 2012}}
61. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052500431.html|title=Congress Bars Military Funeral Protesters|last=Abrams|first=Jim|date=May 25, 2006|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=December 11, 2012}}
62. ^{{cite web|title=Gov. Blagojevich Signs "Let Them Rest in Peace Act" Allowing Families to Peacefully Grieve Fallen Soldiers|date=May 17, 2006|url= http://www3.illinois.gov/PressReleases/ShowPressRelease.cfm?SubjectID=1&RecNum=4891|accessdate=December 11, 2012}}
63. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/ind-enacts-funeral-protest-law|title=Ind. Enacts Funeral-Protest Law|agency=The Associated Press|date=March 3, 2006|work=First Amendment Center|accessdate=December 11, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330214816/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/ind-enacts-funeral-protest-law|archivedate=March 30, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
64. ^{{cite news|url=http://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=16779|title=Iowa Governor Signs Bill Restricting Funeral Protests|agency=The Associated Press|date=April 18, 2006|work=First Amendment Center|accessdate=December 11, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130414173231/http://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=16779|archivedate=April 14, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
65. ^http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/news/local/14090898.htm {{Dead link|date=May 2010}}
66. ^{{cite news|url=http://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=16699|title=Ky. Enacts Limits for Funeral Protests|agency=The Associated press|date=March 28, 2006|work=First Amendment Center|accessdate=December 11, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130414180235/http://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=16699|archivedate=April 14, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
67. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.wwltv.com/local/stories/wwl041806jbfunerals.4b3d754c.html|title= Senate Committee Approves Bill to Limit Funeral Protests|last=Deslatte|first=Melinda|date=April 18, 2006|work=WWLTV|agency=The Associated Press|accessdate=December 11, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107212142/http://www.wwltv.com/local/stories/wwl041806jbfunerals.4b3d754c.html|archivedate=January 7, 2009}}
68. ^{{cite news|url=http://wjz.com/topstories/local_story_082070525.html|title=Funeral Protest Ban Clears Maryland House|agency=The Associated Press|date=March 23, 2006|work=WJZ|accessdate=December 11, 2012|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071223004335/http://wjz.com/topstories/funeral.protest.Annapolis.2.421340.html|archivedate=December 23, 2007}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wlns.com/Global/story.asp?s=8945|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071012030705/http://www.wlns.com/Global/story.asp?s=8945|deadurl=yes|title=WLNS TV 6 Lansing Jackson Michigan News and Weather - WLNS.COM - Our ...|date=October 12, 2007|archivedate=October 12, 2007|publisher=}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thekansascitychannel.com/news/7597398/detail.html |title=Blunt Signs Funeral Protest Bill – Kansas City News Story – KMBC Kansas City |publisher=Thekansascitychannel.com |date=March 1, 2006 |accessdate=July 9, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013223252/http://www.thekansascitychannel.com/news/7597398/detail.html |archivedate=October 13, 2007 }}
71. ^OkInsider.com – Selected News Story {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928161635/http://okinsider.com/topic_01OF0MMAHW/readstory.oki?storyid=0QX0W1CXY |date=September 28, 2007 }}
72. ^{{cite web|title=2005–2006 Bill 4965: Funeral Services|author=South Carolina General Assembly|date=May 21, 2006|url=http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess116_2005-2006/bills/4965.htm|accessdate=December 22, 2012}}
73. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=20530&sec=36&con=4|title=Wisconsin Enacts Ban on Protests at Funerals|agency=The Associated Press|date=February 21, 2006|work=Worldwide Religious News|accessdate=December 12, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221141304/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=20530&sec=36&con=4|archivedate=February 21, 2008|df=mdy-all}}
74. ^{{citation|url=http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=33923|title=HB 7127 – Disturbance of Assemblies|date=June 20, 2006|accessdate=December 12, 2012}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-funeral-protest-20110112,0,7494257.story|title=Tucson Rallies to Protect Girl's Family from Protesters|last=Mehta|first=Seema|last2=Santa|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=December 12, 2012|first2=Nicole}}
76. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://aclu-ky.org/content/view/352/149/|title=McQueary v. Stumbo|last=American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky|date=June 7, 2007|work=Freedom of Speech & Assembly|accessdate=December 12, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022636/http://aclu-ky.org/content/view/352/149/|archivedate=April 25, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
77. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/22/AR2006072200643.html|title=ACLU Sues for Anti-Gay Group That Pickets at Troops' Burials|last=Burke|first=Garance|agency=The Associated Press|date=July 23, 2006|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=December 12, 2012}}
78. ^1 {{citation|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/09-751.pdf|title=Snyder v. Phelps et al|last=Supreme Court of the United States|date=March 2, 2011|accessdate=December 12, 2012}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metroweekly.com/poliglot/2011/03/supreme-court-upholds-westboro.html|title=Supreme Court Upholds Westboro Baptist Church Members' Right to Picket Funerals|last=Geidner|first=Chris|date=March 2, 2011|work=Metro Weekly|accessdate=December 12, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208053429/http://www.metroweekly.com/poliglot/2011/03/supreme-court-upholds-westboro.html|archivedate=February 8, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
80. ^{{cite news|last=Child|first=Ben|title=Roger Ebert's funeral targeted by Westboro Baptist church|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/apr/08/roger-ebert-funeral-westboro-baptist-church|accessdate=March 17, 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=April 8, 2013}}
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.godhatestheworld.com/australia/index.html|title=God Hates Australia|accessdate=December 11, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194805/http://www.godhatestheworld.com/australia/index.html|archivedate=January 16, 2013}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,217760,00.html|title=Anti-Gay Kansas Church Cancels Protests at Funerals for Slain Amish Girls|last=Bonisteel|first=Sara|date=October 4, 2006|work=Fox News Channel|accessdate=December 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122053846/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,217760,00.html|archive-date=January 22, 2013|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/05/17/anti-gay-kansas-church-members-plan-to-picket-falwell-funeral/|title=Anti-Gay Kansas Church Members Plan to Picket Falwell Funeral|last=Bonisteel|first=Sara|date=May 17, 2007|work=Fox News Channel|accessdate=March 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213205835/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/05/17/anti-gay-kansas-church-members-plan-to-picket-falwell-funeral/|archive-date=February 13, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
84. ^Black, Eric "Fred Phelps is Coming" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927033032/http://www.minnesotamonitor.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=2184|date=September 27, 2007}}, Minnesota Monitor, August 7, 2007.
85. ^{{citation|url=http://cjonline.com/stories/022705/mid_primaryquestion.shtml|title=Issue Becomes a Line in the Sand for Some|last=Hrenchir|first=Tim|work=The Topeka Capital-Journal|date=February 27, 2005|accessdate=December 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408131929/http://cjonline.com/stories/022705/mid_primaryquestion.shtml|archive-date=April 8, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
86. ^{{citation|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7053489/ns/us_news/t/topeka-voters-reject-repeal-anti-bias-law/|title=Topeka Voters Reject Repeal of Anti-Bias Law|date=March 2, 2005|work=MSN|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
87. ^{{citation|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/08/05/kansas.results/|title=Kansas Primary Results|work=CNN|publisher=August 4, 1998|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
88. ^{{citation|url=http://www.kssos.org/elections/elections_statistics.html|title=Election Statistics|publisher=State of Kansas|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
89. ^1 2 {{citation|url=http://cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/musser.shtml|title=In-Depth : Fred Phelps|last=Musser|first=Rick|work=The Topeka Capital-Journal|accessdate=December 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230064559/http://cjonline.com/indepth/phelps/musser.shtml|archive-date=December 30, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
90. ^{{citation|url=http://www.religionnewsblog.com/1128/kansas-anti-gay-church-embarrasses-topekans|title=Kansas Anti-gay Church Embarrasses Topekans|last=Evans|first=Melissa|date=November 4, 2002|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
91. ^1 2 {{citation|url=http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=5606|title=The "God Hates Fags" Left|last=Tooley|first=Mark|date=February 9, 2006|work=FrontPage Magazine|accessdate=December 10, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120526084320/http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=5606|archive-date=May 26, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
92. ^{{citation|url=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/gore-sought-support-god-hates-fags-creator-88|title=Gore Sought Support of 'God Hates Fags' Creator in '88|last=Hogenson|first=Scott|date=July 7, 2008|work=Cybercast News Service|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
93. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.qrd.org/qrd/media/radio/thiswayout/summary/newswrap/1997/461-01.27.97|title=NewsWrap|last=Friedman|first=Cindy|date=January 27, 1997|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
94. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/special_reports/wbc/wbc_on_america.asp|title=In Their Own Words: On America|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|year=2006|accessdate=December 10, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005150347/http://www.adl.org/special_reports/wbc/wbc_on_america.asp|archivedate=October 5, 2012|df=mdy-all}}
95. ^{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/7898972.stm?lss|title=Anti-Gay Preachers Banned from UK|date=February 19, 2009|work=BBC Online|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
96. ^{{citation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/05/list-of-people-banned-from-uk|title=The Home Office List of People Banned from the UK|work=The Guardian|date=May 5, 2009|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}
97. ^"Respect earns Ricki Lake success on TV" from Baltimore Sun (December 6, 1993)
98. ^[https://twitter.com/RickiLake/status/446772962150989824 Twitter message] from Lake (March 20, 2014)
99. ^{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6507971.stm|title=America's Most Hated Family|last=Theroux|first=Louis|date=March 30, 2007|work=BBC Online|accessdate=December 12, 2012}}
100. ^{{citation|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12919646|title=Westboro Baptist Church Revisited|last=Theorux| first=Louis|date=March 31, 2011|work=BBC Online|accessdate=December 12, 2012}}
101. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joe-cutbirth/phelps-son-says-god-hates_b_533132.html|title=Phelps' Son Says "God Hates Fags" Church Could Turn Violent| last=Cutbirth|first=Joe|date=April 11, 2010|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=December 12, 2012}}
102. ^{{cite web|url= http://louistheroux.com/thoughts-on-the-passing-of-pastor-phelps-and-the-wesboro-baptist-church|title=Thoughts on the Passing of Pastor Phelps and the Westboro Baptist Church|date=March 22, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2014}}
103. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598264/20081030/story.jhtml|title=Kevin Smith Eschews Comedy in Favor of Horror For 'Red State' – But Will It Ever Get Made?|last=Adler|first=Shawn|date=October 31, 2008|work=MTV|accessdate=December 12, 2012}}
104. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.nme.com/filmandtv/news/casting-for-kevin-smiths-political-horror-red-state-begins/181331|title=Casting for Kevin Smith's Political Horror 'Red State' Begins|date=August 4, 2010|work=NME|accessdate=December 12, 2012}}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.godhatesfags.com/audio/index.html |title=Sermons, Parodies, Hymns And Other Audio From Westboro Baptist Church |publisher=Godhatesfags.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-20}}
106. ^{{cite news|title=Fred Phelps Sr: 'on the edge of death'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/faith/fred-phelps-sr-on-the-edge-of-death-9198142.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=March 18, 2014}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/23/fred-phelps-equality_n_5378433.html|title=Fred Phelps May Have Had A Change Of Heart Toward Gays, Relative Says|first=Cavan|last=Sieczkowski|date=May 23, 2014|publisher=|via=Huff Post}}
108. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=644133125676725&id=427599210663452|title=Equality House|website=www.facebook.com}}
109. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/03/15/fred-phelps-founder-of-the-god-hates-fags-westboro-baptist-church-is-on-the-edge-of-death/|title=Fred Phelps, Founder of the 'God Hates Fags' Westboro Baptist Church, is on the 'Edge of Death'|publisher=Patheos|date=March 15, 2014|author=Hemant Mehta|authorlink=Hemant Mehta}}
110. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/founder-of-anti-gay-kansas-church-in-care-facility/2014/03/16/e9fc6ad8-ad2a-11e3-b8b3-44b1d1cd4c1f_story.html|title=Founder of anti-gay Kansas church in care facility|publisher=Washington Post|date=March 17, 2014}}
111. ^{{cite news|last=Fry|first=Steve|title=Elders excommunicate Phelps after power struggle, call for kindness within church|url=http://m.cjonline.com/news/2014-03-17/elders-excommunicate-phelps-after-power-struggle-call-kindness-within-church|accessdate=20 March 2014|newspaper=The Topeka Capital-Journal|date=17 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730201037/http://m.cjonline.com/news/2014-03-17/elders-excommunicate-phelps-after-power-struggle-call-kindness-within-church|archive-date=July 30, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
112. ^{{cite news|title=Son of Fred Phelps Sr. says father voted out of church. WBC spokesman: Church doesn't have a designated leader of church, adding WBC doesn't operate that way|url=http://cjonline.com/news/local/2014-03-16/son-fred-phelps-sr-says-father-voted-out-church|accessdate=March 16, 2014|newspaper=Topeka Capital-Journal|date=March 16, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229222652/http://cjonline.com/news/local/2014-03-16/son-fred-phelps-sr-says-father-voted-out-church|archivedate=December 29, 2016|df=mdy-all}}
113. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.sparenot.com/|title=Recent Media FAQ|work=godhatesfags.com|date=March 16, 2014|accessdate=March 17, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411035432/http://blogs.sparenot.com/|archivedate=April 11, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
114. ^{{cite news|last=Hanna|first=John|title=Anti-gay pastor Fred Phelps, Sr. dies|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/anti-gay-pastor-fred-phelps-sr-dies-84-22986518|newspaper=ABC News}}
115. ^{{cite web|title=Anti-gay Westboro Baptist Church leader Fred Phelps dies|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-26669967|work=BBC|accessdate=20 March 2014}}
116. ^1 {{cite news|last=Burke|first=Daniel|title=Westboro church founder Fred Phelps dies|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/20/us/westboro-church-founder-dead/|accessdate=20 March 2014|newspaper=CNN.com|date=20 March 2014}}
117. ^{{cite book |last1=Thompson|first1=Neil|last2=Cox|first2=Gerry R.|last3=Stevenson|first3=Robert G.|date=January 28, 2017|title=Handbook of Traumatic Loss A Guide to Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqfZDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT458&pg=PT458#v=onepage|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1138182338}}
118. ^{{cite web|last=Phelps|first=Nathan|authorlink=Nathan Phelps|title=The Lessons of My Father – Nathan Phelps Speaks Out on Fred Phelps' Death|url=http://recoveringfromreligion.org/584-2/|work=Recovering From Religion|publisher=Recovering From Religion|accessdate=21 March 2014}}
119. ^{{cite web | url=http://time.com/32564/fred-phelps-westboro-baptist-obituary/ | title=Good Riddance, Fred Phelps | work=Time | date=March 20, 2014 | accessdate=October 28, 2016 | author=von Drehle, David}}
120. ^See {{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=22659|title=Fred Phelps|date=September 2, 2012|accessdate=December 12, 2012}} for all election statistics

External links

{{Wikiquote}}{{Wikinewscat}}

  • Phelps explains what "God Hates Fags" means from LiveLeak.com
  • [https://www.cjonline.com/news/local/2014-03-20/phelps-life-turned-brilliance-hatred Phelps’ life turned from brilliance to hatred] from The Topeka Capital-Journal

For external links related to Westboro Baptist Church and not Phelps specifically, see this section.

Biographical information
  • {{IMDb name|1662196}}
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Phelps Sr., Fred Waldron}}

25 : 1929 births|2014 deaths|Activists for African-American civil rights|American activists|American civil rights lawyers|Antisemitism in the United States|Anti-Catholicism in the United States|Christian anti-Judaism|Baptists from Mississippi|Bob Jones University alumni|Christian conspiracy theorists|Christian fascists|Christian fundamentalists|Critics of the Catholic Church|Critics of atheism|Critics of Islam|Critics of Judaism|Disbarred American lawyers|Eagle Scouts|Kansas Democrats|Kansas lawyers|People excommunicated by Baptist churches|People from Meridian, Mississippi|People from Topeka, Kansas|Westboro Baptist Church
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/21 15:37:49