| 词条 | Whale Cove, Nunavut |
| 释义 |
|official_name = Whale Cove |native_name = ᑎᑭᕋᕐᔪᐊᖅ Tikirarjuaq |pushpin_map = Canada Nunavut#Canada |image_skyline =WhaleCove1.jpg |image_caption = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Canada |subdivision_type1 = Territory |subdivision_name1 = Nunavut |subdivision_type2 = Region |subdivision_name2 = Kivalliq |subdivision_type4 = Electoral district |subdivision_name4 = Arviat North-Whale Cove |government_footnotes = [1][2] |government_type = Hamlet Council |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Stanley Adjuk Sr. |leader_title1 = Senior Administrative Officer |leader_name1 = Ian Copland |leader_title2 = MLA |leader_name2 = John Main |area_footnotes = [3] |area_total_km2 = 283.66 |population_as_of = 2016 |population_footnotes =[3] |population_total = 435 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = CST |utc_offset = −06:00 |timezone_DST = CDT |utc_offset_DST = −05:00 |coordinates = {{coord|62|10|22|N|092|34|46|W|region:CA-NU_type:city_scale:20000|display= inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = [3] |elevation_m = 40 |postal_code_type = Canadian Postal code |postal_code = X0C 0J0 |area_code = 867 |website = whalecove.ca |footnotes = }} Whale Cove (ᑎᑭᕋᕐᔪᐊᖅ in Inuktitut syllabics) (Tikiraqjuaq, meaning "long point"), is a hamlet located {{convert|74|km|abbr=on|0}} south southwest of Rankin Inlet, {{convert|145|km|abbr=on|0}} northeast of Arviat, in Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada, on the western shore of Hudson Bay. The community is named for the many beluga whales which congregate off the coast. Many of the inhabitants hunt these whales every fall and use their by-products for their oil and food. Whale Cove, initially settled by three distinct Inuit groups (one inland and two coastal), is a relatively traditional community: 99% Inuit, who still wear fur, hunt, fish, eat raw meat and fish. Several bowhead whales may appear in the area as well.[4] Whale Cove is on the polar bear migration route. Local Inuit, regularly travel by snowmobile in the winter or by boat in summer months between the hamlet of Rankin Inlet and Whale Cove a distance of {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}}. The terrain is Arctic tundra, this consists mostly of rocks, mosses and lichens. As of the 2016 census, the population was 435, an increase of 6.9% from the 2011 census.[5] HistoryInuit in the Whale Cove area traded whale oil, baleen, furs, leather and walrus tusks with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) since the mid-18th century when the HBC established their trading post at Churchill, Manitoba. {{sfn|Welch|Payne|2012}} Relocations 1950sIn the 1950s and 1960s Inuit were relocated in a series of moves from one hamlet to another, some of them arriving in Whale Cove, a hamlet created by the federal government for these Inuit groups. Some came from Ennadai Lake via Arviat to Whale Cove, other came from Back River via Garry Lake then Baker Lake to Whale Cove. By the 1970s Inuit living in Whale Cove represented boast coastal Inuit from Rankin Inlet and Arviat and different Caribou Inuit, from the Barren Grounds west of Hudson Bay, including the Ihalmiut ("people from beyond"), or Ahiarmiut ("the out-of-the-way dwellers") on the banks of the Kazan River, Ennadai Lake, Little Dubawnt Lake (Kamilikuak), and north of Thlewiaza (Kugjuaq; "Big River"), had been relocated in the 1950s Whale Cove and Henik Lake.[6][7][8][9][10] by the Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources (now Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada). Their hunting experience was based almost entirely on "inland caribou herds that had thinned by the 1950s and left many families hungry. Coastal dwelling Inuit from Rankin Inlet and Arviat were relocated to Whale Cove from nearby coastal communities in order to aid the inlanders in adapting to a marine subsistence economy."{{sfn|Argetsinger|2009|24}} Ennadai Lake relocations 1950–1960sIn the late 1960s a famine swept the land. Inuit were forced to walk towards places like Arviat to escape the desperation. Survivors who couldn't walk were airlifted to Whale Cove, Baker Lake and Rankin Inlet.{{sfn|Steenhoven|1955}} Self-governmentIn 1971 in Toronto, at the first meeting of what would become the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Celestino Makpah, a traditional tool maker, who makes harpoons, ice chisels etc. but specializes in uluit,[11][12] the representative from Whale Cove described a number of ways in which the affairs of the Inuit of the Keewatin were managed by the government and non-Inuit. Celestino recounted how, "a non-Native southerner started a private fishing enterprise on two lakes near Whale Cove without consulting the local people. At the time, the federal government decided what projects would or would not happen in the Northwest Territories."{{sfn|Argetsinger|2009|18}} "In our area, in Keewatin, there is no one managing the affairs of the Inuit other than the government. It is all government. I will give you an example: Near the surroundings of Whale Cove we have a large lake with plenty of fish. The white people control that lake just like they own it. There is a man, who is a tourist, who is probably one of the richest men there and he controls that lake. I don't mind at all if anyone is a tourist comes into our communities and fishes. The only thing I don't like about it is the government is the channel through which these private enterpriser go of course, because it is their land! So far there have been two large lakes which have been taken by private enterpriser with the help of the government, and this is one of the examples I really dislike. Since they are the government, even though they are aware of the rights of the native people they will not come and tell you "Do you know what your rights are? Do you know what you should do?" I think we, the Inuits{{sic}}, are just waiting for something to come up. "{{sfn|ITK|1971}} "These should have been under our control," Makpah said, "[the lakes] should never have been given to the American enterpriser."{{sfn|Argetsinger|2009|18}} In 1973, the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (now Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami) initiated the Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project and anthropologist David Hoffman conducted fieldwork in Whale Cove as part of a team of experts contributing to this project.{{sfn|Argetsinger|2009|23}} The project under Milton Freeman,{{sfn|Freeman|1976}} "documented the total Inuit land use area of the Northwest Territories, then stretching from the Mackenzie River to east Baffin Island," to provide, in Freeman's words, "information in support of the fact that Inuit have used and occupied this vast northern land since time immemorial and that they still use and occupy it to this day." Hoffmann admired the "precision with which Inuit – who did not ordinarily use maps and who often could not read English – were able to recall specific areas of use and the "incredible encyclopedic knowledge of the land," formed by generations of dependence on its living bounty."{{sfn|Argetsinger|2009|18}} Economic developmentTikirarjuaq/Whale Cove companies and organizations, community and government services, the Kivalliq Inuit Association, First Air, Kivalliq Air, Arctic Co-operative, Nunavut Arctic College, Calm Air, Service Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Sakku Development Corp., Nunavut Development Corp, Agnico-Eagle, The North West Company, Kivalliq Partners in Development and ED&T. made presentations at the first Economic Development Day held at the Inuglak School gymnasium, in Tikirarjuaq/Whale Cove on 20 September 2011.{{sfn|Greer|2011}} According to the Nunavut Planning Commission Whale Cove region's potential non-renewable resources include: "gold, diamonds, uranium, base metals, and nickel-copper platinum group elements (PGEs)".{{sfn|NPC|2009-13}} Broadband communicationsThe community has been served by the Qiniq network since 2005. Qiniq is a fixed wireless service to homes and businesses, connecting to the outside world via a satellite backbone. The Qiniq network is designed and operated by SSI Micro. In 2017, the network was upgraded to 4G LTE technology, and 2G-GSM for mobile voice. ClimateWhale Cove features a cold tundra climate (Köppen climate classification: ETf); unlike most of southern Nunavut (most of which is usually a monsoon-influenced subarctic climate); with cold winters averaging around {{convert|-23|C}}, and cool, very wet and rainy summers averaging around {{convert|6.8|C}}; but temperatures of {{convert|25|C}} or above are possible. Winters run from October/November until April/May with temperatures averaging between {{convert|-14.6|and|-30.6|C}}. Summers run from June to September, and average temperatures range from {{convert|3.5|to|9.8|C}}. Summers are usually cool, wet, and rainy, but can be warm; with a record high of {{convert|29.0|C}}. Summers typically last four months. {{Weather box|location = Whale Cove Airport |single line = Y |metric first = Y |Jan maximum humidex= -5.9 |Feb maximum humidex= -6.3 |Mar maximum humidex= 1.8 |Apr maximum humidex= 2.4 |May maximum humidex= 14.4 |Jun maximum humidex= 23.3 |Jul maximum humidex= 28.4 |Aug maximum humidex= 27.5 |Sep maximum humidex= 21.5 |Oct maximum humidex= 7.1 |Nov maximum humidex= 1.8 |Dec maximum humidex= 0.0 |year maximum humidex= 28.4 |Jan record high C = -2.0 |Feb record high C = -4.0 |Mar record high C = 2.0 |Apr record high C = 10.0 |May record high C = 10.5 |Jun record high C = 24.0 |Jul record high C = 26.0 |Aug record high C = 29.0 |Sep record high C = 20.0 |Oct record high C = 21.0 |Nov record high C = 3.5 |Dec record high C = -2.0 |year record high C= 29.0 |Jan high C = -27.1 |Feb high C = -25.6 |Mar high C = -19.1 |Apr high C = -9.9 |May high C = -1.9 |Jun high C = 6.6 |Jul high C = 13.5 |Aug high C = 12.5 |Sep high C = 6.3 |Oct high C = -1.3 |Nov high C = -12.3 |Dec high C = -20.3 |year high C = -6.5 |Jan mean C= -30.6 |Feb mean C= -29.3 |Mar mean C= -23.6 |Apr mean C= -14.6 |May mean C= -5.1 |Jun mean C= 3.5 |Jul mean C= 9.8 |Aug mean C= 9.7 |Sep mean C= 4.3 |Oct mean C= -3.7 |Nov mean C= -16.1 |Dec mean C= -24.0 |year mean C= -10.0 |Jan low C = -34.1 |Feb low C = -33.0 |Mar low C = -28.2 |Apr low C = -19.3 |May low C = -8.3 |Jun low C = 0.4 |Jul low C = 5.9 |Aug low C = 6.8 |Sep low C = 2.3 |Oct low C = -6.0 |Nov low C = -19.8 |Dec low C = -27.7 |year low C = -13.4 |Jan record low C = -44.0 |Feb record low C = -47.5 |Mar record low C = -43.0 |Apr record low C = -36.0 |May record low C = -25.5 |Jun record low C = -9.5 |Jul record low C = -3.0 |Aug record low C = -1.0 |Sep record low C = -8.0 |Oct record low C = -24.5 |Nov record low C = -34.0 |Dec record low C = -43.5 |year record low C= -47.5 |Jan chill = -63.8 |Feb chill = -68.9 |Mar chill = -61.1 |Apr chill = -48.4 |May chill = -34.7 |Jun chill = -16.0 |Jul chill = 0.0 |Aug chill = 0.0 |Sep chill = -16.9 |Oct chill = -39.6 |Nov chill = -53.6 |Dec chill = -59.3 |year chill= -68.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 15.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 11.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 17.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 20.9 |May precipitation mm = 16.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 32.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 39.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 62.4 |Sep precipitation mm = 51.6 |Oct precipitation mm = 32.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 29.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 21.3 |year precipitation mm = 350.6 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 0.0 |Feb rain mm = 0.0 |Mar rain mm = 0.0 |Apr rain mm = 0.4 |May rain mm = 5.9 |Jun rain mm = 25.2 |Jul rain mm = 39.0 |Aug rain mm = 62.4 |Sep rain mm = 45.7 |Oct rain mm = 9.1 |Nov rain mm = 0.1 |Dec rain mm = 0.0 |year rain mm= 187.7 |snow colour = green |Jan snow cm = 16.0 |Feb snow cm = 11.8 |Mar snow cm = 18.0 |Apr snow cm = 20.7 |May snow cm = 11.0 |Jun snow cm = 7.4 |Jul snow cm = 0.0 |Aug snow cm = 0.1 |Sep snow cm = 6.0 |Oct snow cm = 23.4 |Nov snow cm = 30.6 |Dec snow cm = 22.6 |year snow cm = 167.5 |Jan humidity= 64.3 |Feb humidity= 67.8 |Mar humidity= 70.0 |Apr humidity= 80.2 |May humidity= 84.7 |Jun humidity= 75.2 |Jul humidity= 73.8 |Aug humidity= 72.4 |Sep humidity= 76.8 |Oct humidity= 86.4 |Nov humidity= 79.6 |Dec humidity= 71.9 |year humidity= 75.3 |precip days colour = green |unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm |Jan precipitation days = 8.8 |Feb precipitation days = 6.6 |Mar precipitation days = 8.4 |Apr precipitation days = 7.0 |May precipitation days = 6.9 |Jun precipitation days = 8.1 |Jul precipitation days = 10.3 |Aug precipitation days = 14.7 |Sep precipitation days = 13.7 |Oct precipitation days = 13.0 |Nov precipitation days = 10.6 |Dec precipitation days = 8.1 |year precipitation days = 116.1 |unit rain days = 0.2 mm |Jan rain days = 0.0 |Feb rain days = 0.0 |Mar rain days = 0.0 |Apr rain days = 0.3 |May rain days = 2.0 |Jun rain days = 7.2 |Jul rain days = 10.3 |Aug rain days = 14.7 |Sep rain days = 11.8 |Oct rain days = 3.5 |Nov rain days = 0.1 |Dec rain days = 0.0 |year rain days= 49.7 |unit snow days = 0.2 cm |Jan snow days = 8.7 |Feb snow days = 6.7 |Mar snow days = 8.4 |Apr snow days = 6.8 |May snow days = 5.2 |Jun snow days = 1.4 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.1 |Sep snow days = 2.8 |Oct snow days = 10.0 |Nov snow days = 10.6 |Dec snow days = 8.4 |year snow days= 68.9 |source 1 = Environment Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010[13] }} Notable people from Whale CoveJohn Adjuk (1913 Back River -2006 Whale Cove) moved with his family to Whale Cove in March 1964 from the Baker Lake area. Originally from the Back River area (Chantrey Inlet) north of Baker Lake, living the traditional way of life on the land, he moved to the Garry Lake area. Following famine in the Garry Lake area, he was evacuated to Baker (Lake Qamanittuaq) in 1955. In 1955 they returned to Garry Lake but in early 1958 the family of five was evacuated to the community of Baker Lake when famine struck the land. The Hanningajurmiut, or Hanningaruqmiut, or Hanningajulinmiut {"the people of the place that lies across"} lived at Garry Lake, south of the Utkuhiksalingmiut. Many Hanningajurmiut starved in 1958 when the caribou bypassed their traditional hunting grounds, but the 31 who survived were relocated to Baker. Most never returned permanently to Garry Lake.{{sfn|Tester|Kulchyski|2001}}[14] In March, 1964, the Adjuk family, which now included six daughters, moved to Whale Cove because it was thought the hunting and fishing was better.{{sfn|Kuehl|2002}} EducationNunavut Arctic College has a branch in Whale Cove. Notes1. ^Nunavummiut vie for council positions in upcoming hamlet elections 2. ^Results for the constituency of Arviat North-Whale Cove at Elections Nunavut 3. ^Elevation at airport. {{CFS}} 4. ^http://www.nwmb.com/en/public-hearings/2008/mar-06-2008-level-of-tah-for-bowhead-whales/552-tab16-arctic-2000/file 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=6205016&Geo2=CD&Code2=6205&Data=Count&SearchText=Whale%20Cove&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=6205016&TABID=1|title=Statistics Canada: 2016 Census Profile|publisher=Statistics Canada |accessdate=18 February 2017}} 6. ^{{Cite book|oclc=45667705|title=Walking on the land |first=Farley |last=Mowat |location=South Royalton, Vt. |publisher=Steerforth Press |year=2001 |isbn=1-58642-024-0 |accessdate=2007-12-24}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://archive.is/20121209183459/http://www.taiga.net/projectcaribou/pdf/casestudies/qamanirjuaq_study.PDF|title=Project Caribou |first=Kirsten |last=Madsen |location=Whitehorse, Yukon Territory |publisher=Yukon Department of Environment |accessdate=2007-12-27}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OOf6_i100_4C&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=ihalmiut+tyrrell+-wiki |title=No Man's River|first=Farley|last=Mowat |location=New York |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers |year=2005 |pages=24 |isbn=0-7867-1692-4 |accessdate=2007-12-24}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut020621/news/features/20621_1.html |title=Remembering Kikkik |date=2002-06-21|publisher=nunatsiaq.com |accessdate=2007-12-22}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.churchillrivercanoe.com/stories/thlewiaza.htm|title=Nu-thel-tin-tu-eh and the Thlewiaza River, The Land of the Caribou Inuit and The Barren Ground Caribou Dene |first=Bill |last=Layman|publisher=churchillrivercanoe.com |accessdate=2007-12-24 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20071206154018/http://churchillrivercanoe.com/stories/thlewiaza.htm |archivedate = 2007-12-06}} 11. ^Rankin Inlet profiles 12. ^Celestino instructs students at the Maani Ulujuk High School. 13. ^{{cite web | publisher = Environment Canada | url = ftp://client_climate@ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/English_CSV_files/NU/NU_ALER-WHAL_ENG.csv | format=CSV (4222 KB) | id = Climate ID: 2303986 |title = Whale Cove A | work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 | accessdate = 2013-11-27}} 14. ^First generation Inuit artists such as Jessie Oonark, Marion Tuu'luq and camp leader Luke Anguhadluq (1895-1982) were also born in the Back River area of Nunavut and were evacuated to Baker Lake because of starvation in 1967. Citations{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}See also
References{{refbegin}}
Further reading
External links
3 : Populated places on Hudson Bay|Hamlets in the Kivalliq Region|Road-inaccessible communities of Nunavut |
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