| 词条 | Free Breakfast for Children |
| 释义 |
| name = Free Breakfast for School Children Program | logo = | image = | caption = | mission_statement = | commercial = | type = | products = Breakfast | location = | country = United States | owner = Black Panther Party | founder = | primeminister = | key_people = Huey P. Newton, Fred Hampton | established = 1969 | disestablished = | funding = | budget = | current_status = | website = }} The Free Breakfast for School Children Program was a community service program run by the Black Panther Party as an early manifestation of the social mission envisioned by founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale along with their founding of the Oakland Community School, which provided high-level education to 150 children from impoverished urban neighborhoods. Inspired by contemporary research about the essential role of breakfast for optimal schooling, the Panthers would cook and serve food to the poor inner city youth of the area. Initiated in January 1969 at St. Augustine's Church in Oakland, California, the program became so popular that by the end of the year, the Panthers set up kitchens in cities across the US, feeding over 10,000 children every day before they went to school.[1] The Free Breakfast Program became the central organizing activity of the group.[2] The reach and success of the program in so many communities underscored the inadequacies of the federal government's then-flagging and underresourced lunch programs in public schools across the country. Despite its successes, Federal authorities attempted to discredit and derail the Free Breakfast Program. Among other actions, authorities raided breakfast program locations while children were eating[3]. As depicted in the 2015 documentary Vanguard of the Revolution, it was Huey P. Newton, upon release from jail in 1970, who revitalized the breakfast program as a key social focus for the Panthers in Oakland; from exile in Algeria, Eldridge Cleaver protested that prioritizing the breakfast program diluted the true mission of the Black Panther Party, which Cleaver emphasized had to remain an "any means necessary" political opposition to U.S. government practices, thus concretizing a schism in the leadership of the Black Panther Party – into Cleaver vs. Newton factions – that led to its eventual demise. Survival ProgramsThe Free Breakfast for Children Program was one among more than 60 community social programs created by the Black Panther Party.[4] They were renamed Survival Programs in 1971[5]. These were operated by Party members under the slogan "survival pending revolution." Another Survival Program started by the Black Panther Party was referred to as "medical self-defense" with the creation of healthcare clinics and their own ambulance services.[6] ChicagoFred Hampton, leader of the Chicago local, helped organize a number of community programs. These included five different breakfast programs on the West Side, a free medical center, a door to door program of health services (which offered testing for sickle cell anemia), and blood drives for the Cook County Hospital[7]. The Chicago party also reached out to local gangs to clean up their acts, get them away from crime and bring them into the class war. The Party's efforts met with wide success, and Hampton's audiences and organized contingent grew by the day.[8]See also
Notes1. ^{{cite web|title=Rise of the Black Panther Party|publisher=Black Panther Party.org|url=http://www.blackpanther.org/legacytwo.htm|accessdate=December 14, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212065642/http://www.blackpanther.org/legacytwo.htm|archivedate=December 12, 2012|df=}} 2. ^Levine, Susan (2008) School Lunch Politics: The Surprising History of America's Favorite Welfare Program. Princeton University Press: Princeton, p.139. https://books.google.ca/books?id=21RB4wX5HdAC&lpg=PA139 3. ^Bloom, J., & Martin, W. E. (2012). Black against Empire : The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. p. 187. 4. ^{{cite web|title=Black Panther Party Community Programs (1966-1982)|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/blackpanthers/programs.shtml|publisher=The Black Panther Party Research Project|accessdate=April 29, 2015}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Churchill|first1=Ward|authorlink1=Ward Churchill|editor1-last=Cleaver|editor1-first=Kathleen|editor2-last=Katsiaficas|editor2-first=George|title=Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Black Panthers and Their Legacy|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=1-135-29832-7|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tNQAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA288&dq=%22Free%20Breakfast%20for%20Children%22%20black%20panther&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false|chapter='To Disrupt, Discredit and Destroy' The FBI's Secret War against the Black Panther Party}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/black-panther-party-stands-health|title=The Black Panther Party Stands for Health {{!}} Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health|website=www.mailman.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-09-06}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Spieler|first1=Geri|title=Taking Aim at the President: The Remarkable Story of the Woman Who Shot at Gerald Ford|date=2009|publisher=St. Martin's|location=New York|isbn=978-0-230-61023-1|page=99|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=eg2Ed3efhEMC&lpg=PA99|accessdate=29 July 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web | last =Baggins| first =Brian| title =History of the Black Panther Party |publisher =Marxists Internet Archive| url =http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/| accessdate =2007-10-16}} References
| last =Katsiaficas | first =George N. |author2=Kathleen Cleaver | title =Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at Their Legacy | publisher =Routledge |date=March 2001 | pages =87–89 | isbn =0-415-92783-8 }}
| last =Abu-Jamal | first =Mumia | title =We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party | publisher =South End Press |date=May 2004 | pages =69–70 | isbn = 0-89608-718-2}}{{Black Panther Party}} 5 : Children's rights organizations in the United States|Hunger relief organizations|Child welfare activism|Free meals|Black Panther Party |
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