| 词条 | Whig Junto | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Somers, Montagu/Halifax and Orford}} The Whig Junto is the name given to a group of leading Whigs who were seen to direct the management of the Whig Party and often the government, during the reigns of William III and Anne.[1] The Whig Junto proper consisted of John Somers, later Baron Somers; Charles Montagu, later Earl of Halifax; Thomas Wharton, later Marquess of Wharton, and Edward Russell, later Earl of Orford.[2] They came to prominence due to the favour of Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland[3] and during the reign of Queen Anne, Sunderland's son, the 3rd Earl succeeded his father. Opponents gave them the nickname "the five tyrannising lords". Other figures prominent around the edges of the Junto include Sir John Trenchard and Thomas Tollemache. Somers, Wharton, Russell and Montagu were elected to the House of Commons in 1689[4] and were granted minor office. Their effectiveness in the Commons brought them Sunderland's attention. The Junto began to dominate the ministry from the time of the resignation of the Tory Secretary of State Lord Nottingham in 1693,[5] communicating to the King and Sunderland through the Whig Secretary of State, the Duke of Shrewsbury. As the members of the Junto entered the Lords — Somers was made Lord Keeper in 1693[6] and was promoted to a barony four years later,[7] Wharton succeeded his father as Baron Wharton in 1696,[8] Russell was created Earl of Orford in 1697[9] and Montagu(e){{#tag:ref|The spelling in this generation of his family still varied.|group= n}} was created Baron Halifax in 1700 — their hold on the Commons weakened and by 1700 the Junto was largely out of power.[10] In 1701 Somers, Orford and Halifax were impeached but survived the attack[11] and late in the year the Junto seemed set to return to power in order to help the king rally support for the War of the Spanish Succession. However, King William's death in March 1702 delayed their return as Queen Anne who had High Tory sympathies, detested them and refused to include them in the ministry which was dominated by these.[12] With the elder Sunderland dead, the Junto's connection to his son who was the son-in-law of the Queen's favorite couple, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, proved useful as did the Junto's support of the war, in contrast to Tory ambivalence. In 1705 Somers's protégé Lord Cowper was made Lord Keeper[13] and in 1706 Sunderland became a Secretary of State.[14] After the resignation of Harley in 1708, Marlborough and his ally the Lord Treasurer Godolphin became more and more dependent on the Junto, who returned to office with Somers as Lord President, Wharton as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Orford as First Lord of the Admiralty.[15] The ministry's increasing dependence on the Junto Whigs caused the Queen's relationship with the Marlboroughs and Godolphin to sour. In 1710 Godolphin and the Junto Whigs were forced from power.[16] The Junto led opposition to the new ministry's peace policy from the House of Lords, leading to the creation of new peers to prevent this opposition from voting down the peace treaty.[17] The term "Junto" is derived from "Junta", a Spanish/Portuguese term for a civil deliberative or administrative council, which in 18th-century English had not yet gained its present association with the governments of a military dictatorship. First (Main) Whig Junto{{main|First Whig Junto}}
Later Whig Junto and the Whig Governments{{main|Whigs (British political party)|Second Whig Junto}}The Junto came back to power within a year of the accession as King of George I, the Elector of Hanover, in 1714 but most of the members died early in the new reign: Wharton and Halifax in 1715, Somers the next year, while Orford and Sunderland soon fell out with each other, with Orford not holding office after 1717. Whigs however took full control of the government in 1715, and remained totally dominant, reaching new heights with the creation of the first recognised Prime Minister, Robert Walpole. This was however until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760, ensured creation of more peerages for Tories — they sought to dispel a naturally resultant economic favouritism based on politics, caused by this long renewed period of ascendancy and promised greater royal concessions.[18] Notes and references
1. ^Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.357 2. ^Macaulay, Vol. IV, pp.357-368 3. ^Macaulay, Vol. IV, pp.355-356 4. ^Macaulay, Vol. II, pp.484-486 (for Somers, Wharton, and Montagu) 5. ^Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.376 6. ^Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.299 7. ^Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.619 8. ^Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.545 9. ^Macaulay, Vol. IV, p.619 10. ^Macaulay, Vol. V., pp.115-130 11. ^Macaulay, Vol. V., pp.194-200, 218-219; Clark, p. 195 12. ^Hopkinson, p.178 13. ^Hopkinson, p.239 14. ^Hopkinson, p.249 15. ^Clark, p.225 16. ^Clark, p.227 17. ^Clark, p.233; Hopkinson, p.339 18. ^H. T. Dickinson; Walpole and the Whig Supremacy. (1973) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23431431 online edition]
Sources
2 : Whig (British political party)|Stuart England |
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