“White-naped tit”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The white-naped tit (Machlolophus nuchalis), sometimes called white-winged tit, is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is endemic to India where it is found in dry thorn scrub forest in two disjunct populations, in western India and southern India.

This species is hard to mistake with its contrasting black and white patterns without the grey wing coverts and back of the partly sympatric cinereous tit (Parus cinereus). This species is very patchily distributed and has been considered to be vulnerable to extinction especially because of the scarcity of suitable habitats particularly nest cavities made by woodpeckers.

Taxonomy

The white-naped tit was formerly one of the many species in the genus Parus but was moved to Machlolophus after a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 showed that the members of the new genus formed a distinct clade.^[3]^[4]

Description

The only pied (black-and-white) tit in India, this species has the wing-coverts, crown, sides of head, chin, throat, a ventral band running down the breast and belly to the vent black. The cheeks below the eye, the ear-coverts and a patch on the nape are white. The wing has white on the outer primaries and the base of the secondaries. The last tertiaries are completely white. The two outer tail feathers are white while the next has the outer web white and the remaining black.^[5]^[6] The white of the flanks can be suffused with yellow.^[7]

Distribution and habitat

This species was discovered in the Eastern Ghats near Nellore by T C Jerdon who received a specimen from a local hunter.^[8] A specimen was later obtained in 1863 from near Bangalore and for a long time the species was not observed anywhere in southern India. A O Hume had suggested in that the two populations might represent different species.^[5] The southern population was subsequently noted when Salim Ali collected specimens from the Biligirirangan Hills. The species occurs in the nearby Kaveri valley area where Parus cinereus stupae is also found. The species has also been reported from the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh.^[9] Salim Ali had claimed that the two species were mutually exclusive, however there is no support for this.^[10]^[11] The distribution in western India is larger and better known, ranging mainly in areas of Kutch and extending into parts of Rajasthan. A specimen in the British Museum marked as being from Bootan (Bhutan) is considered to be in error.^[6]^[12] Records from Wynaad, Anshi National Park and Dharwad have also been considered doubtful.^[11]

Behaviour and ecology

These birds are believed to live at very low densities in small numbers. They are shy and are best detected by their calls which have been described as musical whistling notes tee-whi-whi or see pit-pit-pit-pit.^[13] They however appear to show high fidelity to favoured sites. Some roost hollows have been observed to have been known to have been used for more than six years. The birds feed on insects and the berries of Salvadora oleiodes. They may also obtain nectar from the flowers of Capparis aphylla and will sometimes visit rainwater puddles to drink.^[18] The breeding season in Rajasthan is during the monsoons, from May to August. The nest is a pad of fibre and hair placed inside a cavity typically on a tree. They choose cavities made by woodpeckers and coppersmith barbets. Nests have been found in old trees of Salvadora persica and Boswellia serrata.^[14] The clutch size is not known but adults with three young have been observed. The female develops a brood-patch and it is not known if the male incubates. Both parents take part in care of the chicks.^[7] The chicks are fed mainly with non-hairy caterpillars, the parents may bring food as late as 2000 Hrs in the evening.^[15] It is said to be dependent on old woodpeckers nest holes, especially those made by yellow-crowned woodpeckers, which are used for nesting and roosting.^[16]^[23]^[17] Suggestions that the species might migrate from western to southern India have been made but have not found support and birds (including juveniles) have been seen in southern India during summer. Birds ringed in western India have been recaptured within a radius of 5 to 7 km. Breeding has not been studied in the southern population.^[11]

This species is said to have undergone a rapid population decline in the recent past. The habitat of dense Acacia scrub is severely degraded and fragmented in western India especially due to the collection of old branches with potential nest holes for firewood.^[18]^[19]

References

1. ^{{IUCN|id=22711924 |title=Parus nuchalis |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}
2. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.019|pmid=23831453|title=A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees (Aves: Paridae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=69|issue=3|pages=852|year=2013|last1=Johansson|first1=Ulf S|last2=Ekman|first2=Jan|last3=Bowie|first3=Rauri C.K|last4=Halvarsson|first4=Peter|last5=Ohlson|first5=Jan I|last6=Price|first6=Trevor D|last7=Ericson|first7=Per G.P}}
3. ^¹{{ cite journal | last1=Johansson | first1=U.S. | last2=Ekman | first2=J. | last3=Bowie | first3=R.C.K. | last4=Halvarsson | first4=P. | last5=Ohlson | first5=J.I. | last6=Price | first6=T.D. | last7=Ericson | first7=P.G.P. | year=2013 | title=A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees (Aves: Paridae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=69 | issue=3 | pages=852–860 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.019 | pmid=23831453}}
4. ^{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Waxwings and their allies, tits & penduline tits | work=World Bird List Version 6.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waxwings/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| accessdate= 15 February 2016 }}
5. ^¹{{cite book|page=79|title= The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds|volume=1| edition=2nd| author=Baker, ECS|url=https://archive.org/stream/birds01bakeiala#page/79/mode/1up/ |publisher=Taylor and Francis, London| year=1924}}
6. ^¹{{cite book |page=49 |url= https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia01oaterich#page/49/mode/1up/ |title= The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds| volume=1| year=1889| author=Oates, EW|publisher= Taylor and Francis, London}}
7. ^¹{{cite book|author1=Ali, S |author2=S D Ripley |lastauthoramp=yes | title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume= 9|year= 1998 |pages =175–177|isbn=0195620631 }}
8. ^{{cite book|url = https://archive.org/stream/birdsofindiabein21jerd#page/279/mode/1up/|page=279|author=Jerdon, TC|year=1863|title=Birds of India. Volume 2. Part 1|publisher=The Military Orphan Press, Calcutta}}
9. ^{{cite journal| author=Jones, S|year= 2007| title= Sightings of White-naped Tit Parus nuchalis in Arogyavaram, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh| journal= Indian Birds|volume=3 | issue = 5 |pages=93–94| url=http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB.3.5.198-199.pdf}}
10. ^{{cite journal| author=Lott, E. J.| author2=C. Lott| last-author-amp=yes |year= 1999| title= On the occurrence of White-naped Tit Parus nuchalis in S. India| journal= Forktail |volume=15|pages=93–94| url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/15pdfs/Lott-Tit.pdf}}
11. ^¹²{{cite journal|title= Observations on the White-naped Tit Parus nuchalis in Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka|author= Sadananda KB|author2= D. H. Tanuja|author3= M. Sahana|author4= T. Girija|author5= A. Sharath|author6= M. K. Vishwanath|author7= A. Shivaprakash|last-author-amp= yes|journal=Indian Birds |year=2010| volume=6|issue=1|pages=12–14}}
12. ^{{cite journal|author=Gadow, Hans| url= https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofbirds08brit#page/38/mode/1up/|page=38| title=Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum. Cichlomorphae Part 5. Volume 8|year=1883}}
13. ^{{cite journal|author1=Hussain, SA |author2=Tiwari, JK |year=1992|title= Status and distribution of White-winged Black Tit in Kachchh, Gujarat India|journal= Bird Conserv. Intl.|volume=1992|pages=115–122}}
14. ^{{cite journal|author1=Sharma, S. K. |author2=Koli, V. K. |year=2014| title= Population and nesting characteristics of the Vulnerable White-naped Tit Parus nuchalis at Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India| journal=Forktail |volume=30| pages=1–4}}
15. ^¹{{cite journal|author1=Tiwari, J. K. |author2=Rahmani, Asad R. |year=1996| title= The current status and biology of the White-naped Tit Parus nuchalis in Kutch, Gujarat, India| journal=Forktail |volume=12| pages=79–85}}
16. ^{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, P.C. |author2=Anderton, J.C. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005| title= Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2| publisher= Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions| page=528}}
17. ^{{cite journal|author= Tiwari, J.K. |year=2001| title= Status and distribution of the White-naped Tit Parus nuchalis in Gujarat and Rajasthan| journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=98 |issue=1| pages=26–30|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48583235}}
18. ^¹{{cite book|url=http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/parunuch.pdf |editor=Collar, NJ |editor2=AV Andreev |editor3=S Chan |editor4=MJ Crosby |editor5=S Subramanya |editor6=JA Tobias|year=2001| title= Threatened Birds of Asia|publisher=BirdLife International|pages=2265–2270}}
19. ^{{cite journal|author=Hussain SA|year=1996| title = The Whitewinged Tit |journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers | volume=36| issue=1|pages=18–19|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW36_1#page/n17/mode/1up}}

Taxonomy

Description

Distribution and habitat

Behaviour and ecology

References

External links