| 词条 | Free-fire zone |
| 释义 |
A free-fire zone in U.S. military parlance is a fire control measure, used for coordination between adjacent combat units. The definition used in the Vietnam War by U.S. troops may be found in field manual FM 6-20: A specific designated area into which any weapon system may fire without additional coordination with the establishing headquarters. World War IIGeneral Chuck Yeager in his autobiography describes his (and his associates) disapproval of shoot-anything-that-moves low level strafing missions during World War II (although they were not necessarily called "free-fire-zone" missions). He described his feeling that, had the U.S. lost the war, it might have been considered a criminal activity.[1] In the game Chuck Yeager's Air Combat the player flies one of these missions, destroying any ground target within a certain area. Vietnam WarReturning veterans, affected civilians and others have said that U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), based on the assumption that all friendly forces had been cleared from the area, established a policy designating "free-fire zones" as areas in which:
Around 220,000 civilians killed by US/GVN forces were counted as "enemy KIA" in battlefield operations reports during battles against VC/NVA, according to Guenter Lewy due to the use of free-fire zones,.[1] There are no distinctions between enemy KIA and civilian KIA inadverdently killed in the crossfire or through deployment of heavy artillery, aerial bombardment and so-on.[2][3][4]Part of this stemmed from the doctrine requirements of producing "enemy body count" during the Vietnam War, which saw violations and statistical manipulations due to ongoing pressures from MACV on units[4]. Dellums hearingsFree-fire zones were discussed during 1971 ad hoc (i.e. not endorsed by Congress) hearings sponsored by Congressman Ron Dellums (California), organized by Citizens' Commission of Inquiry on US War Crimes (CCI). Lawrence WilkersonColonel Lawrence Wilkerson flew helicopters low and slow through Vietnam. He claims to have had vocal disagreements with some of his superiors and members of his own gunner crew over free-fire zones, including an incident in which one of his crew shot a wagon that had a little girl inside of it. He describes one incident in which he prevented a war crime by purposely placing his helicopter between a position that was full of civilians and another helicopter that wanted to launch an attack on the position. See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=spc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&|title=East Asia's Other Miracle: Explaining the Decline of Mass Atrocities|last=Bellamy|first=Alex J.|date=2017-09-29|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780191083785|location=|pages=33-34|language=en}} , October 28, 2008[5]2. ^https://thevietnamwar.info/free-fire-zone/ 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a096431.pdf|title=Declassification of the BDM Study, "The Strategic Lessons Learned in Vietnam"|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Defense Technical Center|page=225-234|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 4. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam|last=Appy|first=Christian|publisher=UNC Chapel Hill|year=1993|isbn=|location=http://projectsmrj.pbworks.com/f/Working+Class+War+-+Christian+Appy.pdf|page=273}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|last1= Yeager |first1= Chuck |authorlink1= Chuck Yeager |last2= Janos |first2= Leo |title= Yeager: An Autobiography |publisher= Bantam |date= 1986-08-01 |isbn= 978-0-553-25674-1 |url= https://www.amazon.com/Yeager-Autobiography-Chuck/dp/0553256742/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1415756176&sr=1-1#reader_0553256742}} 6. ^{{Citation | last = Hersh | first = Seymour M. | title = The Coming Wars | newspaper = The New Yorker | date = January 24, 2005 | url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/01/24/050124fa_fact?currentPage=all}} }} Further reading
3 : Military terminology|War crimes in Vietnam|Vietnam War |
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