| 词条 | White Serbia | |||||
| 释义 |
White Serbia, called also Boiki, is the mythical homeland of the White Serbs (see Sorbs) from whom the medieval white Serbs originate. While White Serbia is not explicitly mentioned, Boiki is mentioned in De Administrando Imperio, a 10th-century work by Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII (r. 913–959). According to it the "White Serbs" lived on the "other side of Turkey" (i.e. Hungary), in the area that they called "Boiki". The area adjacent to it was known as White Croatia, where the White Croats trace their origin. LocationSourcesConstantine VII in De Administrando Imperio recounts in 32nd chapter "It should be known that the Serbs are descended from the unbaptized Serbs, also called ‘white’, who live beyond Turkey, in a region called by them Boïki, where their neighbor is Francia, as is also Megali Croatia, the unbaptized, also called ‘white’. In this place, then, these Serbs also dwelt from the beginning... Now, after the two brothers succeeded their father in the rule of Serbia, one of them, taking one half of the folk, came as the refugee to Heraclius, the emperor of the Romaioi... Then, after some time these same Serbs decided to depart to their own homes, and the emperor sent them off. And so, when they had crossed the Danube River, they changed their minds and sent a request to the Emperor Heraclius... the emperor settled these same Serbs in these countries", while in 33rd chapter a subchapter recounts "(It should be known) that the clan of the anthypatos and patrikios Michael, son of Visevitz, archon of the Zachlumians, came from the unbaptized inhabitants on the Visla River, called Litziki, and they settled on the river called Zachluma".{{sfn|Živković|2012|p=152–185}}{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=458–459}} A Latin document from the early 10th century recorded that the "Hungarians moved to Pannonia from Serbia (Ungarorum gens a Servia egressa in Pannoniam)", which is referring most probably to same White Serbia.{{sfn|Živković|2012|p=153}} DisputeTheories on the location of White Serbia and Serbs have been disputed. P. J. Šafárik (1795–1865) classified the White Serbs as a Polabian Slavonic tribe.[1][2] B. Kállay (1839–1903) noted that many historians assumed that White Serbia was identical to the Czech lands (Bohemia), or that the Czech lands were part of White Serbia, based on DAI's account and the name Bojka.[3] He however believed that Šafařík's theory was more likely; that White Serbia was north of the Carpathians, stretching over western Russia and eastern Poland.[3] B. Drobnjaković (1890–1961) noted that Bojka reminded of Bohemia.[4], similar opinion was shared by A. Stratos (1905–1981),[5] and S. Ćirković (1929–2009) who considered it to be between the Elbe and Saale rivers.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=17}} R. Novaković (1911–2003) connected the name to Bohemia (in turn derived from Celtic Boii) and located it in Polabia.[6] V. Ćorović (1885–1941) believed White Serbia included Galicia and the area around the sources of Dniester and Vistula.{{sfn|Ćorović|2001|loc= ch. Словени насељавају Балкан}} L. Cerović (b. 1936) connected it to the land of the Boykos, Bojkovina, in the northern Carpathians.[7] F. Conte (b. 1944) believed it to be in the area of Poland.[8] J. Kovaćević noted the toponym Beloserbye in a 1393 document, situated in Poland between Czarnków and Żnin.[9] According to V. V. Sedov, the 32nd chapter of De Administrando Imperio indicates it was located in the Lower Lusatia territory where were located the Sorbs,{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=458}} but the 33rd chapter about Zachlumia caused confusion which resulted with several hypotheses.{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=459}} The first group of scholars argued the homeland existed between rivers Elbe and Saale, the second in the upper course of rivers Vistula and Oder, and the third from Elbe and Saale to the upper course of Vistula.{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=459}} However, Sedov concluded that the archaeological data does not confirm any of these hypotheses, and most plausible is the consideration by Lubor Niederle that there's no evidence that White Serbia ever existed and Constantine VII most probably made up Northern Great Serbia only according to the analogy with Great Croatia.{{sfn|Sedov|2013|p=459}} According to Tibor Živković, the structure and content of the subchapter about the family of Michael of Zahumlje indicate they were most probably told by the Michael himself, and notably is not mentioned Serbian origin. Živković considered that it was possible his ruling family preserved the memory of their tribal origin, which is further evidence about the Northern origin of both the Serbs and Croats, to be roughly genuine stories, and not part of a political context.{{sfn|Živković|2012|p=185}} GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite journal|title=The Spread of the Slaves. Part III. The Northern Serbs or Sorabians and the Obodriti.|first=H. H.|last=Howorth|date=7 December 1880|publisher=|journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=9|pages=181–232|doi=10.2307/2841974|jstor=2841974}} 2. ^{{cite journal|title=The Spread of the Slaves. Part III. The Northern Serbs or Sorabians and the Obodriti. on JSTOR|journal = The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume = 9|pages = 181–232|jstor = 2841974|last1 = Howorth|first1 = H. H.|year = 1880|doi = 10.2307/2841974}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|author=Béni Kállay|title=Istorija srpskoga naroda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfs9AQAAMAAJ|year=1882|publisher=Petar Curčić|page=14|quote=}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Borivoje M. Drobnjaković|title=Etnologija naroda Jugoslavije. 1 (1960)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFoBAAAAMAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Naučna knjiga|page=102|quote=}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Andreas Nikolaou Stratos|title=Byzantium in the seventh century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4MJAQAAIAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Adolf M. Hakkert}}{{page needed|date=March 2016}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Vizantološki institut|title=Recueil de travaux de l'Institut des études byzantines|volume=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dktoAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Vizantološki institut SANU|page=127|quote=}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Ljubivoje Cerović|title=Srbi u Ukrajini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL0WAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Muzej Vojvodine|page=13}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Francis Conte|title=The Slavs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvFJAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-310-8|page=28|quote=}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta|volume=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9gVAQAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Institut|page=91|quote=}} Sources{{Refbegin}}
Further reading{{refbegin}}
3 : 7th century in Serbia|Serbia in the Early Middle Ages|History of the Serbs |
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