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词条 Freeware
释义

  1. History

  2. Definitions

     Software license  Relation to other forms of software licensing   Creative Commons licenses  

  3. Restrictions

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{distinguish|Free software|

Free and open-source software}}

Freeware is software, most often proprietary, that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user. There is no agreed-upon set of rights, license, or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers. For instance, modification, redistribution by third parties, and reverse engineering without the author's permission are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others.[1][2][3] Unlike with free and open-source software, which are also often distributed free of charge, the source code for freeware is typically not made available.[1][3][6][7] Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by, for example, encouraging sales of a more capable version, as in the freemium and shareware business models.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Two historic examples of freeware are Skype and Adobe Acrobat Reader.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

History

The term freeware was coined in 1982[2] by Andrew Fluegelman, who wanted to sell PC-Talk, the communications application he had created, outside of commercial distribution channels.[3] Fluegelman distributed the program via a process now termed shareware.[4]

In the 1980s and 1990s, the term freeware was often applied to software released without source code.[5][6]

Definitions

Software license

{{main|Software license}}

Software classified as freeware may be used without payment and is typically either fully functional for an unlimited time or has limited functionality, with a more capable version available commercially or as shareware.[7]

In contrast to what the Free Software Foundation calls free software, the author of freeware usually restricts the rights of the user to use, copy, distribute, modify, make derivative works, or reverse engineer the software.[1][8][9][10] The software license may impose additional usage restrictions;[11] for instance, the license may be "free for private, non-commercial use" only,{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} or usage over a network, on a server, or in combination with certain other software packages may be prohibited.[9][10] Restrictions may be required by license or enforced by the software itself; e.g., the package may fail to function over a network.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Relation to other forms of software licensing

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) defines "open source software" (i.e., free software or free and open-source software), as distinct from "freeware" or "shareware"; it is software where "the Government does not have access to the original source code".[13] The "free" in "freeware" refers to the price of the software, which is typically proprietary and distributed without source code. By contrast, the "free" in "free software" refers to freedoms granted users under the software license (for example, to run the program for any purpose, modify and redistribute the program to others), and such software may be sold at a price.

According to the Free Software Foundation (FSF), "freeware" is a loosely defined category and it has no clear accepted definition, although FSF asks that free software (libre; unrestricted and with source code available) should not be called freeware.[5]

In contrast the Oxford English Dictionary simply characterizes freeware as being "available free of charge (sometimes with the suggestion that users should make a donation to the provider)".[14]

Some freeware products are released alongside paid versions that either have more features or less restrictive licensing terms. This approach is known as freemium ("free" + "premium"), since the free version is intended as a promotion for the premium version.[25] The two often share a code base, using a compiler flag to determine which is produced. For example, BBEdit has a BBEdit Lite edition which has fewer features. XnView is available free of charge for personal use but must be licensed for commercial use. The free version may be advertising supported, as was the case with the DivX.

{{Anchor|Registerware}}Ad-supported software and free registerware also bear resemblances to freeware. Ad-supported software does not ask for payment for a license, but displays advertising to either compensate for development costs or as a means of income. Registerware forces the user to subscribe with the publisher before being able to use the product. While commercial products may require registration to ensure licensed use, free registerware do not.[15][16][17][18]

Creative Commons licenses

{{Disputed section|Creative Commons Licenses not for Software|date=May 2018}}

The Creative Commons offer licenses, applicable to all by copyright governed works including software,[19] which allow a developer to define "freeware" in a legal safe and internationally law domains respecting way.[20][21][22] The typical freeware use case "share" can be further refined with Creative Commons restriction clauses like non-commerciality (CC BY-NC) or no-derivatives (CC BY-ND), see description of licenses.{{original research inline|date=May 2018}} There are several usage examples, for instance The White Chamber, Mari0 or Assault Cube[23], all freeware by being CC BY-NC-SA licensed: free sharing allowed, selling not.

Restrictions

Freeware cannot economically rely on commercial promotion. In May 2015 advertising freeware on Google AdWords was restricted to "authoritative source"[s].[24] Thus web sites and blogs are the primary resource for information on which freeware is available, useful, and is not malware. However, there are also many computer magazines or newspapers that provide ratings for freeware and include compact discs or other storage media containing freeware. Freeware is also often bundled with other products such as digital cameras or scanners.

Freeware has been criticized as "unsustainable" because it requires a single entity to be responsible for updating and enhancing the product, which is then given away without charge.[25] Other freeware projects are simply released as one-off programs with no promise or expectation of further development. These may include source code, as does free software, so that users can make any required or desired changes themselves, but this code remains subject to the license of the compiled executable and does not constitute free software.

See also

  • List of freeware
  • List of freeware video games
  • List of commercial video games released as freeware
  • Freely redistributable software
  • Gratis versus Libre

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite web | work = The Linux Information Project | title = Freeware Definition | date = 2006-10-22 | url = http://www.linfo.org/freeware.html | accessdate = 2009-06-12}}
2. ^"Shareware: An Alternative to the High Cost of Software", Damon Camille, 1987
3. ^Fisher.hu {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614133129/http://textfiles.fisher.hu/news/freeware.txt |date=2006-06-14 }}
4. ^The Price of Quality Software by Tom Smith
5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html |title=Categories of free and nonfree software |quote=The term “freeware” has no clear accepted definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit redistribution but not modification (and their source code is not available). These packages are not free software, so please don't use "freeware" to refer to free software. |accessdate=2011-02-16}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware |title=Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing |author=Free Software Foundation, Inc. |quote=Please don't use the term "freeware" as a synonym for "free software." The term "freeware" was used often in the 1980s for programs released only as executables, with source code not available. Today it has no particular agreed-on definition. |accessdate=2011-02-16}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1= Dixon|first1= Rod|title= Open Source Software Law|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9b_vVPf53xcC&pg=PA4&dq=%22free+software%22+freeware#PPA4,M1|accessdate= 2009-03-16|year= 2004|publisher= Artech House|isbn= 978-1-58053-719-3|page= 4|quote= On the other hand, freeware does not require any payment from the licensee or end-user, but it is not precisely free software, despite the fact that to an end-user the software is acquired in what appears to be an identical manner.}}
8. ^1 {{cite book|last1= Graham|first1= Lawrence D|title= Legal battles that shaped the computer industry|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=c6IS3RnN6qAC&pg=PA175&dq=%22Legal+battles+that+shaped+the+computer+industry%22+%22from+the+beginning+of+the+computer+age%22|accessdate= 2009-03-16|year= 1999|publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn= 978-1-56720-178-9|page= 175|quote=Freeware, however, is generally only free in terms of price; the author typically retains all other rights, including the rights to copy, distribute, and make derivative works from the software.}}
9. ^1 {{cite journal |url=https://www.adobe.com/products/eulas/pdfs/Reader10_combined-20100625_1419.pdf |title=ADOBE Personal Computer Software License Agreement |format=PDF |quote=This license does not grant you the right to sublicense or distribute the Software. ... This agreement does not permit you to install or Use the Software on a computer file server. ... You shall not modify, adapt, translate, or create derivative works based upon the Software. You shall not reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt to discover the source code of the Software. ... You will not Use any Adobe Runtime on any non-PC device or with any embedded or device version of any operating system. |accessdate=2011-02-16}}
10. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.adobe.com/cfusion/mmform/index.cfm?name=distribution_form&pv=rdr |title=ADOBE READER AND RUNTIME SOFTWARE - DISTRIBUTION LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR USE ON PERSONAL COMPUTERS |quote=Distributor may not make the Software available as a standalone product on the Internet. Distributor may direct end users to obtain the Software, with the exception of ARH, through electronic download on a standalone basis by linking to the official Adobe website. |accessdate=2011-02-16}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.irfanview.com/eula.htm |title=IrfanView Software License Agreement. |quote=IrfanView is provided as freeware, but only for private, non-commercial use (that means at home). ... IrfanView is free for educational use (schools, universities and libraries) and for use in charity or humanitarian organisations. ... You may not distribute, rent, sub-license or otherwise make available to others the Software or documentation or copies thereof, except as expressly permitted in this License without prior written consent from IrfanView (Irfan Skiljan). ... You may not modify, de-compile, disassemble or reverse engineer the Software. |accessdate=2011-02-16}}
12. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://blog.wolfire.com/2010/05/Open-source-software-is-not-always-freeware |title=Open-source software is not always freeware |date=May 16, 2010 |accessdate=2016-01-18 |first=David |last=Rosen |publisher=wolfire.com}}
13. ^1 {{citation | url=http://dodcio.defense.gov/OpenSourceSoftwareFAQ.aspx#Q:_Are_.22non-commercial_software.22.2C_.22freeware.22.2C_or_.22shareware.22_the_same_thing_as_open_source_software.3F | title=Frequently Asked Questions regarding Open Source Software (OSS) and the Department of Defense (DoD) | quote=Also, do not use the terms "freeware" or "shareware" as a synonym for "open source software". DoD Instruction 8500.2, “Information Assurance (IA) Implementation”, Enclosure 4, control DCPD-1, states that these terms apply to software where "the Government does not have access to the original source code". The government does have access to the original source code of open source software, so these terms do not apply. | accessdate=2012-06-11}}
14. ^{{OED|freeware}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=akoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA101&lpg=RA1-PA101&dq=registerware&source=bl&ots=P8ufFsLfVk&sig=zsK5DDTrgUSvTEdOSo9y6qhHFw4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAjgKahUKEwifvI6d7_DIAhXHthoKHXoFAFk#v=onepage&q=registerware&f=false|title = An exercise in frustration? Registerware forces users to jump through hoops|last = Foster|first = Ed|date = 11 Jan 1999|journal = InfoWorld|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |volume = 21|issue = 2|issn = 0199-6649|publisher = InfoWorld Media Group}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.fr/books?id=ZkoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=registerware&source=bl&ots=OE6AF841jB&sig=9OUQuYj0VpNIqjcdWyEA-7yMaTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFkQ6AEwDGoVChMI2_vUyezwyAIVyEAaCh3UvQIZ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title = Is registerware an anti-piracy necessity?|last = |first = |date = 1 Feb 1999|journal = InfoWorld|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |issn = 0199-6649|publisher = InfoWorld Media Group|volume = 21|issue = 5}}
17. ^{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.fr/books?id=jz0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61&dq=registerware&source=bl&ots=haifzMpnkw&sig=7pAPGkPk_quTTkOF-piLEJAPmiU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBmoVChMI2_vUyezwyAIVyEAaCh3UvQIZ#v=onepage&q=registerware&f=false|title = Since you asked...|last = Foster|first = Ed|date = 14 Oct 2002|journal = InfoWorld|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |publisher = InfoWorld Media Group|volume = 24|issue = 41|issn = 0199-6649}}
18. ^{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.fr/books?id=yT0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=registerware&source=bl&ots=hToBTNeR7N&sig=n9h70bSis5osmNFfiEasS3Dd7s0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFcQ6AEwC2oVChMI2_vUyezwyAIVyEAaCh3UvQIZ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title = A vote for fair play|last = Foster|first = Ed |date = 18 Nov 2002|journal = InfoWorld|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |issn = 0199-6649|volume = 24|issue = 46|publisher = InfoWorld Media Group}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/legalcode |title=Creative Commons Legal Code |date=January 9, 2008 |publisher=Creative Commons |accessdate=February 22, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211175916/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/legalcode |archivedate=February 11, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}
20. ^{{cite web|last=Peters|first=Diane|title=CC's Next Generation Licenses — Welcome Version 4.0!|url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768|work=Creative Commons|accessdate=November 26, 2013|date=November 25, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126124736/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768|archivedate=November 26, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=What's new in 4.0?|url=https://creativecommons.org/Version4|work=Creative Commons|accessdate=November 26, 2013|year=2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129150056/http://creativecommons.org/Version4|archivedate=November 29, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=CC 4.0, an end to porting Creative Commons licences?|url=http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses|publisher=TechnoLlama|accessdate=August 11, 2013|date=September 25, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902134000/http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses|archivedate=September 2, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://assault.cubers.net/docs/license.html#entirepackage |title=AssaultCube - License |accessdate=2011-01-30 |work=assault.cubers.net| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031357/http://assault.cubers.net/docs/license.html| archivedate= 25 December 2010 | deadurl= no|quote=AssaultCube is FREEWARE. [...]The content, code and images of the AssaultCube website and all documentation are licensed under "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=https://support.google.com/adwordspolicy/answer/6023676#uc |title=Legal requirements |website=Advertising Policies Help |publisher=Google |access-date=6 November 2016}}
25. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/saas/free-is-not-a-business-model/807 |title=Free is not a business model |first=Phil |last=Wainewright |date=July 6, 2009 |website=ZDNet |publisher=CBS Interactive }}

External links

  • {{dmoz|Computers/Software/Freeware}}
  • directory published by the Free Software Foundation