| 词条 | Wilhelm Crinius | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Wilhelm Crinius |birth_date={{birth date|1920|12|2|df=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|1997|4|26|1920|12|2|df=y}} |birth_place=Hohenhausen in Kalletal |death_place=Stuhr-Fahrenhorst |image=Wilhelm Crinius.jpg |caption=Wilhelm Crinius |alt=The head and shoulders of a young man, shown in semi-profile. He wears a military uniform with an Iron Cross displayed at the front of his white shirt collar. He is looking to the right of the camera. |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}} |serviceyears=1939–45 |rank=Leutnant (second lieutenant) |branch={{Luftwaffe}} |commands= |unit=JG 53 |battles=World War II
|awards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves |laterwork=Senior manager, private industry}} Wilhelm Crinius (2 December 1920 – 26 April 1997) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.{{sfn|Spick|1996|pp=3–4}} Crinius is credited with 114 aerial victories claimed in approximately 400 combat missions. He recorded 100 victories over the Eastern Front. Of his 14 victories claimed over the Western Front, one was a four-engined bomber.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=53}} On 23 September 1942, Crinius became the only German fighter pilot to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves simultaneously.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=53}} Early life and careerWilhelm Crinius was born in Hohenhausen, Kalletal on 2 December 1920. His father, also named Wilhelm, was a master craftsman and house painter and decorator, his mother née Tölle.{{sfn|MacLean|2007|p=99}} Crinius attended the Volksschule, a primary school, in Hohenhausen from 1927 until 1935. In 1935 he started his merchant apprenticeship at the savings and loans bank in Hohenhausen. Parallel to his apprenticeship, he attended the vocational school. He worked at the saving and loans bank in Hohenhausen as an employee from Easter 1938 until November 1938.{{sfn|MacLean|2007|p=98}} In the summer of 1939, Crinus served in the compulsory labour service (Reichsarbeitsdienst), working in an construction unit on the Westwall, a fortified defensive line on the Germanys western border. In January 1940, Crinius joined the Luftwaffe and was trained as a pilot.{{sfn|Stockert|2012|pp=82–83}}{{refn|Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.{{sfn|Bergström|Antipov|Sundin|2003|p=17}}|group="Note"}} World War IIIn February 1942, Gefreiter (lance corporal) Crinius was posted to 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) based in Sicily.[1] In March and April 1942, he flew 60 missions over Malta. On 1 April, he was promoted to Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer). In May 1942, I./JG 53 was transferred to the Eastern Front near Kursk. Crinius achieved his first victories on 9 June when he shot down two Il-2 Sturmoviks. On 8 July, Crinius shot down two Douglas Boston bombers west of Voronezh, although his aircraft was hit by Russian anti-aircraft fire and he was forced to belly-landed his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4 (Werknummer 10243—factory number) between the enemy lines, where he was rescued by a German patrol and safely returned to his unit.{{sfn|Prien|1998|pp=413, 432}} In July 1942, I./JG 53 was sent to the southern sector of the Eastern Front, where Crinius claimed his 15th kill on 1 August.{{sfn|Prien|1998|p=416}} He claimed his 24th victory on 11 August 1942. The next day I./JG 53 relocated from Bereska to Tusov, closer to the front and Crinius shot down three Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3s, bringing his total to 27 victories.{{sfn|Prien|1998|p=419}} Crinius recorded his 49th victory on 27 August which was also the 1,000th victory for I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 53.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=53}} After his 55th victory on 1 September he was promoted to Feldwebel (Sergeant). Hereafter Crinius was particularly successful, claiming some 40 victories in August and 46 victories in the timeframe 1–22 September, including his 100th on 22 September.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=53}} He was the 22nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=243}} Together with Friedrich-Karl Müller, Crinius received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ({{lang|de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub}}) on 23 September 1942.{{sfn|Prien|1998|p=429}} He was the 127th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler in October at the Führerhauptquartier Werwolf, Hitler's headquarters located in a pine forest about {{convert|12|km|mi}} north of Vinnytsia, in Ukraine. Three other Luftwaffe officers were presented with the Oak Leaves that day by Hitler, Oberleutnant Müller, Oberleutnant Wolfgang Tonne and Leutant Hans Beißwenger.{{sfn|Stockert|2012|p=83}} Crinius was promoted to Leutnant der Reserve (second lieutenant of the reserves) on 1 October 1942.{{sfn|Stockert|2012|p=83}} Following the presentation, Müller, Tonne and Crinius were ordered to Berlin where they made a propaganda appearance at the "House of the Press".{{sfn|Prien|1998|pp=429–430}} In November 1942, Crinius relocated with I./JG 53 to Tunisia. In Africa, Crinius claimed another 14 victories, including a B-17 Flying Fortress on 26 December 1942 over Bizerte.{{sfn|MacLean|2007|p=97}} On 13 January 1943, he engaged in aerial combat with Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire fighters near El Kala, Crinius' aircraft was hit and he was wounded in the thigh. Breaking off combat, he headed for his base but his engine then caught fire. He ditched his damaged Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 10805) in the sea. He spent 24 hours in the water before being rescued by French sailors and Arabs. After hospitalisation for his wounds, Crinius became a prisoner of war.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=53}}{{sfn|Scutts|1994|p=56}} Later lifeAfter World War II, Wilhelm Crinius worked in private industry, serving as a director in the German branch of the Dutch Philips GmbH. He was appointed chairman of the board of directors of the Ernst Düllmann GmbH in 1971.[2] On 18 June 1989, as a pensioner, Crinius ran for the European Parliament in Hesse as candidate for the right-wing German People's Union (Deutsche Volksunion).[3] He died on 26 April 1997 in Stuhr-Fahrenhorst, Lower Saxony.{{sfn|MacLean|2007|p=97}} Summary of careerAerial victory claimsMatthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 114 aerial victory claims. This figure includes 100 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 14 over the Western Allies, including one four-engined bomber.{{sfn|Matthews|Foreman|2014|pp=193–195}} Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 39242". The Luftwaffe grid map ({{lang|de|Jägermeldenetz}}) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about {{Convert|360|sqmi|sqkm}}. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.{{sfn|Planquadrat}}
Awards
NotesComments1. ^For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II. 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.zeit.de/1971/21/CHRONIK?page=all |title=Chronicle|author= |date=18 June 1989 |format= web |language = German |work=Die Zeit |publisher= |accessdate=4 June 2010}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wiesbaden.de/wahldaten/wahlweb/Wahldatenbank/Stimmzettel/Europawahlen/1989_EW.pdf |title=Ballot of 1989 EP elections - List 14|author= |date=18 June 1989 |format= pdf |language = German |work=Wiesbaden |publisher= |accessdate=2 June 2010}} Locations{{reflist|group="Location"}}ReferencesCitations{{Reflist|25em}}Bibliography{{Refbegin|30em}}
|last=Bergström |first=Christer |work=Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat |title= Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website |url= http://www.bergstrombooks.elknet.pl/bc-rs/planquadrat.htm |accessdate=14 November 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|Planquadrat}} }}
|last1=Bergström |first1=Christer |last2=Antipov |first2=Vlad |last3=Sundin |first3=Claes |year=2003 |title=Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces |location=Hamilton MT |publisher=Eagle Editions |isbn=978-0-9721060-4-7 |ref=harv }}
|last=Fellgiebel |first=Walther-Peer |authorlink=Walther-Peer Fellgiebel |year=2000 |origyear=1986 |title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile |trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches |language=German |location=Friedberg, Germany |publisher=Podzun-Pallas |isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6 |ref=harv }}
|last=MacLean |first=French L |year=2007 |title=Luftwaffe Efficiency & Promotion Reports: For the Knight's Cross Winners |volume=One |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |publisher=Schiffer Military History |isbn=978-0-7643-2657-8 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Matthews |first1=Andrew Johannes |last2=Foreman |first2=John |year=2014 |title=Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F |location=Walton on Thames |publisher=Red Kite |isbn=978-1-906592-18-9 |ref=harv }}
|last=Obermaier |first=Ernst |year=1989 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945 |language=German |location=Mainz, Germany |publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann |isbn=978-3-87341-065-7 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Patzwall |first1=Klaus D. |year=2008 |title=Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg |trans-title=The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War |language=German |location=Norderstedt, Germany |publisher=Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall |isbn=978-3-931533-08-3 |ref=harv }}
|last=Prien |first=Jochen |year=1998 |title=Jagdgeschwader 53 A History of the "Pik As" Geschwader May 1942 – January 1944 |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |publisher=Schiffer Military History |isbn=978-0-7643-0292-3 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2004 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 8/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—November 1941 bis Dezember 1942 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 8/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—November 1941 to December 1942 |language=German |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-74-8 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2006 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/III—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/III—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943 |language=German |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-78-6 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2010 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 11/I—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1. bis 31.12.1943 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 11/I—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 31 December 1943 |language=German |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-95-3 |ref=harv }}
|last=Scherzer |first=Veit |year=2007 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |language=German |location=Jena, Germany |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 |ref=harv }}
|last=Scutts |first=Jerry |year=1994 |title=Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean |location=London, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-85532-448-0 |ref=harv }}
|last=Spick |first=Mike |year=1996 |title=Luftwaffe Fighter Aces |location=New York |publisher=Ivy Books |isbn=978-0-8041-1696-1 |ref=harv }}
|last=Stockert |first=Peter |year=2012 |origyear=1997 |edition=4th |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2 |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2 |language=German |location=Bad Friedrichshall, Germany |publisher=Friedrichshaller Rundblick |isbn=978-3-9802222-9-7 |ref=harv }}
|last=Thomas |first=Franz |year=1997 |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K |language=German |location=Osnabrück, Germany |publisher=Biblio-Verlag |isbn=978-3-7648-2299-6 |ref=harv }}
| portal1=Aviation | portal2=Biography | portal3=Military of Germany | portal4=World War II }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Crinius, Wilhelm}} 7 : 1920 births|1997 deaths|German World War II flying aces|People from Lippe|Luftwaffe pilots|Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves|German prisoners of war in World War II held by France |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。