“William Adolf Baillie Grohman”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

William Adolph Baillie Grohman (1851–1921) was an Anglo-Austrian author ^[1] of works on the Tyrol and the history of hunting, a big game sportsman, and a pioneer in the Kootenay region of British Columbia.

Biography

Grohmann was born in 1851 in Gmunden, the son of Adolf Rheinhold Grohmann (1822–1877) and Francis Margaret 'Fanny' Reade (1831–1908). He spent much of his youth in Tyrol in Austria, and could speak Tyrolese dialect like a native. His early years were spent at the Schloss von St. Wolfgang which had a famous garden. His father was a manic depressive and in 1861 he was committed to an asylum, in 1873 His mother bought the semi-derelict Schloss Matzen {{sfn| WABG1907 Schloss Matzen - See Bibliography}} in the Tyrol, near the branch of the Zillertal and the Inn Valley.^[2] He was educated by private tutors and at Elizabeth College, Guernsey. As a young man Grohmann roamed out from the family castle to hunt chamois and deer in the surrounding high alps, wandering for days through the still-remote Tyrolese mountain villages. His two earliest books, Tyrol & the Tyrolese (1876) {{sfn|WABG1876 Tyrol & The Tyrolese - See Bibliography}} and Gaddings with a Primitive People (1878) ,{{sfn|WABG1878 Gaddings with a Primitive People - See Bibliography}} provide a rare first-hand insight into Tyrolese folk customs and the austere, isolated existence of pre-industrial Alpine village communities.^[3]

He was an expert mountaineer and made the first winter ascent {{sfn|WABG Ascent of the Gross Glockner - See Bibliography}} of the Großglockner, the highest mountain in Austria (3798m), on 2 January 1875,^[4] and was a member of the Alpine Club. He is credited as being one of the first to introduce skis to the Tyrol, having been sent four pairs by his father in law, Tom Nickalls, who had a hunting lodge in Norway - he started using them in 1893, as is related in an article in The Field in 1937,^[5] by his daughter Olga, who herself became an early member of the Innsbruck Ski club. The article in The Field includes photographs of WABG's wife Florence on skis in 1894 - the earliest known photograph of a woman on skis in the alps. Skis were also introduced to the Tyrol the same year at Kitzbuhl^[6] by Franz Reisch.

A crack shot and a passionate big-game hunter, he travelled out to the American West many times the 1870s and 1880s to shoot big game when the Rockies and mountain states were opening up to sportsmen. His book Camps in the Rockies (1882) {{sfn|WABG1882 Camps in The Rockies - See Bibliography}} gives an account of his travels though Wyoming and Idaho, both as a "topshelfer" (a rich comfort-laden sportsman{{sfn|WABG1882 Camps in The Rockies p2}} ) and later on – more to his boyhood taste of stalking with Tyrolean mountain huntsmen – roughing it with trappers and Native Americans. Although written in a style of detached amusement to titillate armchair Victorian readers, this work, like his earlier books about the Tyrolese, has careful and sympathetic passages on American Indian and local customs, and gives a valuable first-hand account of the American and Canadian West just before and after the arrival of the railway. He ranged widely over the Pacific Slope and the Central Rockies and explored new ranges in the Selkirks.

Baillie Grohman liked the new country he found so much that he returned to British Columbia in the 1880s as a pioneer, investing through the Kootenay Company Ltd, {{sfn|WABG Report on the Government Concessions for 78,525 Acres of selected Land in the Kootenay - See Bibliography}} a London registered company which obtained a concession of {{convert|78525|acre|km2}} to develop the Upper and Lower Kootenay valleys.^[7] He wrote a number of articles for British magazines promoting the possibilities of British Columbia.{{sfn|WABG Articles - See Bibliography}} In his youth he had seen how the embankment of the Inn River in the lower Inntal had turned unproductive flood land into profitable farmland and so envisaged that a similar control of the Kootenay River and a lowering of the water levels of the Kootenay Lake would create large areas of fertile farmland. This plan was thwarted by political pressure from the Canadian Pacific Railway and others,^[8]^[9] who managed ultimately to get the concession revoked and awarded to rival interests. Probably his impatient and untactful temperament and privileged background was not well suited to the political manoeuvring needed to mollify the Provincial Colonial Administration and counter the machinations of the CPR and other interests.{{sfn|Jordan1993 p75}} Before the concession was revoked the Kootenay Company was held to one of the conditions of its grant – that it must build a canal to connect the Columbia River and Kootenay and William Adolph Baillie-Grohman.{{sfn|Jordan1993 p76}} The canal,^[10]^[11] took a massive investment and because of the railway, was pointless (only two ships ever used it) and the project failed.^[12] It is now a historic site at Canal Flats, British Columbia. Grohmann lived some time in Victoria, British Columbia,^[13] negotiating the concession with the government of BC, and then in the Kootenay, opening the first steam sawmill in the region{{sfn|Jordan1993 p80}} and the first steam boat on lake Kootenay;^[14] he was the first J.P and the first postmaster in Kootenay .{{Sfn|SFN InternationalJointCommission1935 p30}} His account of his time in BC Fifteen Years' Sport and Life in the Hunting Grounds of Western America and British Columbia (1900) {{sfn|WABG1900 Fifteen Years' Sport and Life - See Bibliography}} describes his time pioneering, and also has accounts of hunting the rare white Rocky mountain "antelope goat", sometimes known then as "Haplocerus Montanus" but now assigned the Linnaean name of Oreamnos americanus, as well as the pursuit of many other types of game. Baillie Grohmans's scheme for reclamation was later successfully implement by others .{{sfn |InternationalJointCommission1935 p76.}}

His later works include successful works on the history of the Tyrol (by then an increasingly popular destination for English tourists); Tyrol, The Land in the Mountains (1907) {{sfn|WABG1907 Tyrol, The Land in the Mountains - See bibliography}} and Tyrol (1908) {{sfn|WABG1908 Tyrol - See bibliography}}as well as a guidebook to his own castle Schloß Matzen im Unterinntal (1908).{{sfn|WABG1908 Schloß Matzen im Unterinntal - See bibliography}}

A passionate collector, he amassed a large collection of furniture and European sporting art (his collection of sporting prints was sold at a special sale at Sotheby's in 1923),^[15]^[16] and in his later years he developed an erudite interest in the history and art of sport, building up an extensive library on hunting and game animals, including early ecological studies along with early treatises on hunting in many different European languages. Assisted by his wife, Florence, he produced a lavishly illustrated and authoritative {{sfn|World cat|This went through 17 editions between 1904 and 2005}}edition of The Master of Game (1904),{{sfn|WABG1904 Master of Game - See bibliography}} the second oldest English book on hunting, a translation (from the French Livre de Chasse 1387 of Gaston Phébus) by Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York. This has a foreword by his friend and later US president Teddy Roosevelt, also an avid big game hunter. In his book on early depictions of hunting Sport in art, An iconography of sport (1913),{{sfn|WABG1913 Sport in art - See bibliography}} Baillie Grohman was able to bring together a lifetime's understanding of hunting in the field with an extensive historical knowledge of early sporting art gained through his own collecting and research. An edition of Maximillian I of Austria's Das Jagdbuch Kaiser Maximillians I (1901) with Dr Mayr {{sfn|WABG1901 Das Jagdbuch Kaiser Maximillians I - See bibliography}} is also of interest for early game ecology.

As well as writing authoring 11 books, he published numerous articles in contemporary magazines on both historical and travel subjects.

On the outbreak of the First World war, as British Nationals, he and his wife faced internment but were allowed to leave Austria after the intercession of Prince Auersperg. They returned after the war and started the Tyrolean Relief Fund to help Tyroleans through the famine that was an aftermath of the war in the Tyrol. He died in 1921.

Family

In 1885 Baillie Grohman married Florence née Nickalls, daughter of Tom Nickalls (1828−1899) and Emily née Quihampton (1834-1909), Tom was a London stockbroker known as the "Erie King" from his many coups in American railway shares,^[17] the champion rowers Guy Nickalls and Vivian Nickalls were Florence's brothers.

Florence and William had a son and a daughter: their son, Vice-Admiral Harold Tom Baillie Grohman RN CB, DSO, OBE (1887–1978), had a distinguished career in the Royal Navy, commanding the battleship HMS Ramillies at the start of the Second World War;^[18] and their daughter, Olga Florence Baillie Grohman (1889–1947){{sfn|Watkins2005}} , who married secondly Oscar Ferris Watkins, became a pioneer in Kenya and the first female Member of the Kenya Legislative Council (MLC).

Bibliography

Books Authored by W A Baillie Grohman

Articles by W A Baillie Grohman

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite web|title=Worldcat: Baillie-Grohman, William A. (William Adolph) 1851-1921| url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n86825320/}}
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Watkins2005|first1=Elizabeth|title=Olga in Kenya: Repressing the Irrepressible|date=2005|publisher=Pen Press Publishers Ltd|location=Brighton, Sussex, England|isbn=978-1905203741|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYGyWqNSCh8C}}
3. ^{{Cite |chapter= Das Karwendel Flurnamen, das "Hinterriß-Thal", Wilderer und Bergsteiger |title= Das Karwendel : Geschichte, alte Namen, Land und Leute |volume= vol 2. Vom Kaiser Max bis zum Jahr 1945 |page=521 |location= Lienz |date=2013 |last1=Draxl |first1= Anton |language= de}}
4. ^{{cite journal |journal= Alpine Journal |title= The Grossglockner: Its climbs and Pioneers |last1=Roberts |first1=Eric |volume=82 |page=197 |date= 1977}} Made by W.A. Baillie-Grohmann, P. Groder, A. Kerer & K. Gorgasser
5. ^{{cite journal |ref=TheField |first=Olga |last=Watkins |title= The first Skis in the Tyrol |journal=The Field |issue= November |year=1937 |pages= 1274–1276 |location= London }}
6. ^{{cite journal |journal= Der Schneeschuh |title= Mit dem Ski auf das Kitzbichler Horn (1994 m) 1 November 1893 |series= 1st volume |year=1893 |location= Munich |url= https://skikitz.org/site/assets/files/2067/1893-11-01_der_schneeschuh_-_reisch_aufs_horn.pdf }}
7. ^{{Cite book| chapter=The Upper Kootenay River Canal| title=Frontier Days in British Columbia| last1=Jordan| first1=Mabel E| pages=74–81| publisher=Heritage House | date=1993|isbn=978-1894384-01-8}}
8. ^{{cite book|title=The Kootenay Valley. A report on certain cases involving reclamation and the development of water power in the valley of the Kootenay river, under the terms of article IV of the treaty of January 1 1, 1909 heard before the international joint commission, Ottawa and Washington| publisher=Government of Canada|pages=29|date=1935|location=Ottawa and Washington|url=http://www.ijc.org/files/publications/ID207.pdf}}"and the Canadian Pacific Railway heard with horror that the waters of the Kootenay were to be turned into the Columbia, which river was already giving their line considerable trouble at high water."
9. ^{{cite journal|title=The Kootenay Valley. Dikes, Ducks, and Dams: Environmental Change and the Politics of Reclamation at Creston Flats, 1882-2014|last1=Dance|first1=Anne| journal=BC Studies| issue=Winter2014/15|page=17, p20|date=2015}}
10. ^{{cite journal|title=The Upper Kootenay River Canal|journal=Canadian West|last1=Jordan|first1=Mabel Ellen|publisher=British Columbia Historical Society|issue=(Summer 1987) |pages=76–82|date=1987}}
11. ^{{cite journal|title=Baillie-Grohman’s Diversion|journal=BC Historical News|last1=Welwood|first1=Ron J|publisher=British Columbia Historical Federation|volume=36| issue=No4 |pages=6–12|date=2003}}
12. ^{{cite journal|title=The Kootenay Reclamation and Colonization Scheme and William Adolph Baillie-Grohman|journal=British Columbia Historical Quarterly|last1=Jordan|first1=Mabel Ellen|publisher=British Columbia Historical Society|volume=20, 3-4 |pages=187-22|date=1956}}
13. ^{{cite book|title=Imperial Vancouver Island. Who Was Who 1850-1950|last1=Bosher| first1=J.F.| page=107|isbn=978-1-4500-5963-3}}
14. ^{{cite book| title=Taming the Kootenay, 1882-1893: W. A.Baillie-Grohman and the Midge| page=1| publisher=Creston and District Historical and Museum Society }}
15. ^{{cite book| title=Catalogue of the Extensive Collection of Old Engravings, Drawings & Books Relating to Sport (formed by the Late W.A. Baillie-Grohman, Esq.), the Property of Mrs. Baillie-Grohman, of Schloss Matzen, Brixlegg, Tyrol ... which Will be Sold by Auction by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge at Their Large Galleries on Monday, the 14th Day of May, 1923 [18p] |publisher=Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge |date=1923| url=https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Catalogue_of_the_Extensive_Collection_of.html?id=MDAuswEACAAJ&redir_esc=y}} Prints from his collection can be found in the British Museum and the Metropolitan Museum New York
16. ^{{cite web|title=Lot 32, Jan van der Straet, called Stradanus, (Bruges 1523 - 1605 Florence), THE WILD BOAR HUNT |url=http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.32.html/2006/old-master-drawings-n08161}}
17. ^{{cite book|title=The story of the Stock Exchange. Its History and Position| last1=Duguid|first1=Charles|page=250|date=1901|publisher=Grant Richards}}
18. ^{{Cite book|title=Greek tragedy. |last1=Heckstall-Smith|first1=Anthony|last2=Baillie Grohman|first2=Harold Tom|location=London| date=1961|publisher=H.Blond|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000593219}}

Legacy

Mount Grohman (2299 m) near Nelson, British Columbia is named after him as are the Grohman Narrows of Grohman Narrows Provincial Park.