“French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Charles de Gaulle is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship is the tenth French aircraft carrier, the first French nuclear-powered surface vessel, and the only nuclear-powered carrier completed outside of the United States Navy. She is named after French statesman and general Charles de Gaulle.

The ship carries a complement of Dassault Rafale M and E‑2C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. She is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13‑3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. {{sclass-|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|0}} aircraft carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.^[6] Charles de Gaulle is the only non-American carrier-vessel that has a catapult, allowing operation of American aircraft such as the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet^[8] and the C-2 Greyhound.^[9]^[10]

Development

Construction

The carrier replaced {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Foch|R99|2}}, a conventionally powered aircraft carrier, in 2001. {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Clemenceau|R98|2}} and Foch were completed in 1961 and 1963 respectively; the requirement for a replacement was identified in the mid-1970s.

The hull was laid down in April 1989 at the DCNS Brest naval shipyard. The carrier was launched in May 1994 and at 42,000 tonnes (full load)^[3] was the largest warship launched in Western Europe since {{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|6}} in 1950. She was to be named Richelieu in 1986 by the French president at the time, François Mitterrand, after the famous French statesman Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu.^[1]^[11]^[12] On 7 February 1987, however, the name of the ship was changed to Charles de Gaulle by the Gaullist Prime Minister at the time, Jacques Chirac.

Construction quickly fell behind schedule as the project was starved of funding, which was worsened by the economic recession in the early 1990s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Total costs for the vessel would top €3 billion. Work on the ship was suspended altogether on four occasions: 1990, 1991, 1993, and 1995.^[11] The ship was commissioned on 18 May 2001, five years behind the projected deadline.

Spying incident

In 1993, it was alleged by The Guardian that a group of engineers inspecting the vessel during her construction were British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) operatives, believed to have been learning the method of shielding the nuclear reactors, amongst other technical details.^[13] However, the newspaper published a denial by both the British government and the Direction de la surveillance du territoire (DST) (in English: Directorate of Territorial Surveillance) that there had been any incident.^[14]

Trials and technical problems

Charles de Gaulle entered sea trials in 1999. These identified the need to extend the flight deck to safely operate the E-2C Hawkeye. This operation sparked negative publicity, however, as the same tests had been conducted on both Foch and Clemenceau when the F‑8E(FN) Crusader fighter had been introduced. The 5 million francs for the extension was 0.025% of the total budget for the Charles de Gaulle project.

On 28 February 2000, a nuclear reactor trial triggered the combustion of additional isolation elements, producing a smoke incident.

The ship left Toulon for her fourteenth and final sea trial on 24 October 2000. During the night of 9–10 November, in the Western Atlantic while en route toward Norfolk, Virginia, the port propeller broke, and the ship had to return to Toulon to have a replacement fitted.^[15] The investigations that followed showed similar structural faults in the other propeller and in the spare propellers: bubbles in the one-piece copper-aluminium alloy propellers near the centre.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}} Although the supplier, Atlantic Industrie, was not believed to have intentionally been at fault, it was nevertheless blamed for poor-quality construction.^[16] A few hours after the French defense minister ordered an investigation on quality management, a fire destroyed the archives of the supplier.^[17] As a temporary solution, the less advanced spare propellers of Clemenceau and Foch were used, limiting the maximum speed to 24 knots (44 km/h) instead of the contractual 27 knots (50 km/h).

On 5 March 2001, Charles de Gaulle went back to sea with two older propellers and sailed at 25.2 knots (47 km/h) on her trials. Between July and October, she had to be refitted once more due to abnormal noises, as loud as 100 dB, near the starboard propeller, which had rendered the aft part of the ship uninhabitable.

Active service

Refitting

On 16 September 2001 the French press reported slightly higher than acceptable radioactivity levels aboard Charles de Gaulle, thought to be caused by a faulty isolation element. It was later discovered that the radioactivity levels matched the design, but that the regulations concerning acceptable radioactivity levels had changed. While the United States was preparing its response to the September 11 attacks in the form of Operation Enduring Freedom, French media complained about the lack of deployable French military power. At the same time, the Defence Commission reported the maintenance of the Fleet to be substandard. In this context, Charles de Gaulle, then under repairs, was again an object of criticism, with former President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing describing it as a "half-aircraft-carrier" and requesting launching of the second carrier vessel (named PA2) in order to guarantee an availability rate of 100%.

Link 16

On 11 October 2001, the frigate {{ship|French frigate|Cassard|D 614|2}}, four AWACS aircraft and Charles de Gaulle were involved in a successful trial of the Link 16 high-bandwidth secure data network. The network allows real-time monitoring of the airspace from the South of England to the Mediterranean Sea. The collected data were also transmitted in real time to the frigate {{ship|French frigate|Jean Bart|D615|2}} through the older MIL-STD-6011 system.

Afghanistan

On 21 November 2001, France decided to send Charles de Gaulle to the Indian Ocean in support of Operation Enduring Freedom against Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. Task Force 473, with 2,900 men under the command of Contre-Amiral François Cluzel, sailed on 1 December 2001. The task force was composed of Charles de Gaulle, frigates {{ship|French frigate|Lamotte-Picquet|D645|2}}, {{ship|French frigate|Jean de Vienne|D643|2}} and {{ship|French frigate|Jean Bart|D615|2}}, the nuclear attack submarine {{ship|French submarine|Rubis|S601|2}}, the tanker {{Interlanguage link multi|Meuse|2=fr|3=Meuse (pétrolier)|preserve=1}} and the aviso Commandant Ducuing.

Embarked air power comprised sixteen Super Étendards, one E-2C Hawkeye, two Rafale Ms and several helicopters. The Super Étendards carried out their first missions above Afghanistan on 19 December, executing reconnaissance and bombing missions, covering over 3,000 kilometres. Overall they carried out 140 missions, averaging 12 per day.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}} Approximately 770 sorties were carried out from the carrier.^[18]

On 18 February 2002, a Helios observation satellite spotted abnormal activities near Gardez. The next day, after American Special Forces in the region confirmed these observations, Charles de Gaulle launched two reconnaissance Super Étendards. On 20 February 2002, British and US forces entered the valley and Operation Anaconda began in early March 2002.

In March 2002, Super Étendards and six land-based Mirage 2000* aircraft carried out airstrikes against targets claimed to be al Qaeda. A few targets suggested by U.S. forces were denied out of fear of hitting civilians. Nevertheless, French involvement was complimented on 11 March 2002 by US President George W. Bush, who mentioned "our good ally, France, has deployed nearly one-fourth of its navy to support Operation Enduring Freedom".^[19] At this point, the French air complement had been increased to 16 Super Étendards, 6 Mirage 2000 D*, 5 Rafales, and two Hawkeye AWACS. From February 2002, the air wings of Charles de Gaulle and {{USS|John C. Stennis|CVN-74|6}} landed on each other's decks as a means of strengthening the ties between the allies.

On 2 May 2002, Charles de Gaulle arrived in Singapore for relief, and returned to Oman on 18 May 2002.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

Indian-Pakistani crisis

In June 2002 while Charles de Gaulle was in the Arabian Sea, armed Rafale fighters conducted combat air-patrols with the United States Navy off the coast of India and Pakistan,^[20]^[21] marking a significant point in the Rafale M's operational career and its integration with the carrier.^[22]

Rescue mission

On 9 October, the CrossMed (The Regional Operational Centre for Monitoring and Rescue in the Mediterranean Sea) received a distress call from the 8-metre Babolin, whose hull was leaking. Charles de Gaulle, on manoeuvres in the region, sent a helicopter that airlifted the three-man crew, despite {{convert|35|kn|km/h|0|adj=on}} wind, troubled sea, and bad visibility.

Continuing operations

First major overhaul

Charles de Gaulle's first major overhaul began in September 2007. The highlight of this 15-month refit was the refueling of the nuclear power plant, a necessary step after six years in service, during which Charles de Gaulle sailed the equivalent of 12 times around the world, spent 900 days at sea, and performed 19,000 catapult launches.^[25] Several improvements were also made, including the installation of new propellers. These allow Charles de Gaulle to reach her design speed of {{convert|27|kn|km/h}}, replacing the vintage propellers used as a stop-gap since 2001. Aircraft maintenance and weapons stores were also upgraded to allow operation of new Rafale F3 fighters armed with ASMP‑A nuclear missiles and SCALP EG cruise missiles, and satellite communications bandwidth will be increased tenfold. This refit increased displacement to 42500 tonnes ^[3] and was completed in December 2008. After technical problems in March 2009 the carrier was back in Toulon for repairs. An intensive work‑up period was planned to bring Charles de Gaulle and her airgroup back to operational status.

On 14 October 2010, a four-month cruise was cut down to a single day when the ship suffered an electrical fault in its propulsion system.^[26]

Fifth overseas deployment: Task Force 473 and Operation Agapanthus 2010

A French naval task group, designated Task Force 473, led by Charles de Gaulle departed Toulon on 30 October 2010 for a four-month deployment, code-named Operation Agapanthus 2010, to the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean. and Persian Gulf.^[27]^[28] The task group also included the frigates {{ship|French frigate|Forbin|D620|2}} and {{ship|French frigate|Tourville|D610|2}}; the nuclear attack submarine {{ship|French submarine|Améthyste|S605|2}}; the replenishment oiler Meuse, 3,000 sailors, and an Embarked Aviation Group (EAG) consisting of 12 Super-Étendard attack aircraft, 10 Rafale multi-role fighters, and two E-2C Hawkeye 2000 AEW aircraft.^[27]^[29]^[30] The task group commander, Rear Admiral Jean-Louis Kerignard, defined force's mission as follows:

Once on station, Task Force 473 joined two U.S. Navy carrier strike groups operating in the Persian Gulf (pictured), the Carrier Strike Group Nine led by {{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72|6}} and Carrier Strike Group Ten led by {{USS|Harry S. Truman|CVN-75|6}}.^[29] On 28 November 2010, according to an Associated Press dispatch, the French Ministry of Defense announced that a French Rafale fighter jet crashed near Charles de Gaulle, which was operating 60 miles (100 kilometres) off the coast of Pakistan in the Arabian Sea in support of coalition forces in Afghanistan. The pilot parachuted to safety and was picked up by helicopter, and the cause of the crash was under investigation.^[31] In December 2010, during its deployment to the Persian Gulf, the British Type 22 frigate {{HMS|Cumberland|F85|2}} and the United States destroyer {{USS|Halsey|DDG-97|6}} rotated from maritime security patrol to escort Charles de Gaulle in support of coalition military operations in Afghanistan. This represented an example of interoperability pursuant to the recently ratified Anglo-French defence cooperation treaty.^[32]

Between 7–14 January 2011, Task Force 473 participated in bilateral naval exercises, code named Varuna 10, with the Indian Navy. Indian naval units participating in Varuna 10 included the aircraft carrier {{INS|Viraat|R22|2}}, the frigates {{INS|Godavari|F20|2}} and {{INS|Ganga|F22|2}}; and the diesel-electric submarine {{INS|Shalki|S46|2}}. Varuna 10 was a two-phase naval exercise, with the harbor phase taking place between 7–11 January and the sea phase between 11–14 January in the Arabian Sea.^[30]^[33] Task Force 473 paid a port visit to Goa between 7–14 January 2011.^[34] The carrier Charles de Gaulle and the frigate Forbin also paid a goodwill visit to Khor Fakkan, United Arab Emirates, on 30 January 2011, docking at its container terminal facilities.^[35]

Operation Agapanthus 2010 concluded on 21 February 2011. Task Force 473 completed more than 1,000 flying hours flown from Charles de Gaulle in support of NATO's International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) deployed in Afghanistan. Task Force 473 also participated in bilateral exercises with armed forces of India, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates to test the interoperability of French military forces and share expertise with the regional partners.^[28]

2011 Mediterranean operations

On 20 March 2011, Charles de Gaulle was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to enforce United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 which called for a no-fly zone over Libya.^[36] Accompanying Charles de Gaulle were the frigates {{ship|French frigate|Dupleix|D641|2}} and {{ship|French frigate|Aconit|F 713|2}} and the fleet replenishment tanker Meuse.^[37]

During Unified Protector, the air fleet had flown 1,350 sorties during the intervention in Libya. Charles de Gaulle was then withdrawn for maintenance at Toulon on 10 August.^[38]

Following this deployment, Charles de Gaulle underwent maintenance and upkeep during an at-sea underway period in December 2011.^[39]

2012 FANAL exercises

On 2 February 2012, Charles de Gaulle was underway for three days of sea trials. Beginning on 5 February 2012, carrier qualifications began for the pilots of its air group. This included transitioning of pilots flying Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM) strike fighters to the new Rafale M fighters.^[39]

On 16 March 2012, Charles de Gaulle departed for a one-month deployment to the Mediterranean Sea.^[40] Charles de Gaulle{{'}}s task force was under the overall command of Rear Admiral Philippe Coindreau, and it consisted of the frigates {{ship|French frigate|Chevalier Paul|D621|2}}, {{ship|French frigate|Dupleix|D641|2}}, {{ship|French frigate|Montcalm|D642|2}}, and EV Jacoubet; the replenishment tanker Meuse; and the nuclear-powered submarine Émeraude.^[40]^[41] Charles de Gaulle{{'}}s embarked air group consisted of 7 Rafale fighters, 7 Super Étendards Modernisés (SEM) strike fighters, and 2 E‑2C Hawkeye airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft.^[40] The highlight of the deployment for the task group was 2012 FANAL exercises that began on 5 April 2012 which also included land-based Atlantique 2 maritime patrol aircraft.^[41] 2012 FANAL concluded on 12 April, and this was the first major exercise involving the French Navy's new Caïman helicopter.^[41]^[42]

Integration in the future navy

The French Navy aimed to be a two-carrier navy, mainly to ensure that at least one ship is operational at all times even when the other is under repair. This scheme requires another aircraft carrier to be built; however, Charles de Gaulle is the only aircraft carrier currently serving.

Cost considerations have made equipment standardization a necessity. In this context, there is a possibility of collaboration with Britain for future aircraft carriers. Thales UK (with BMT) made the design for the {{sclass-|Queen Elizabeth|aircraft carrier|1}},^[43] suitable for construction for France as the French aircraft carrier PA2. Steps have been taken by both countries to make such a scenario possible: the new carrier had to be conventionally propelled to meet the requirements of the Royal Navy. France favoured nuclear propulsion, and a study was conducted to see if it is more cost efficient than gas turbines.^[44] However, as of the 2013 French Defence White Paper, the plan for a second carrier has been cancelled.^[45]^[46]

Operations against Islamic State

In January 2015, Charles de Gaulle began being prepared for exercises in the Indian Ocean. In late February, the carrier and its battle group entered the Persian Gulf to participate in Opération Chammal against Islamic State militants in Iraq.^[47] France was the first country to join the American-led intervention and has 15 fighters, a patrol aircraft, and refueling aircraft based on land in neighboring countries. The addition of Charles de Gaulle added up to another 30 aircraft to France's commitment to operations.^[48]^[49] The carrier battle group arrived in the Persian Gulf on 15 February 2015 and began launching airstrikes on 22 February; this occurred seven weeks after the Charlie Hebdo attacks, as France vowed to be more responsive to jihadist terrorism. Sailing off the north coast of Bahrain, the carrier's 12 Rafale and 9 Super Étendard fighters could reach targets in half the time it would take French fighters based in the United Arab Emirates.^[50] Charles de Gaulle left the Persian Gulf in late-April 2015 after launching strike and surveillance missions against IS targets to participate in exercises with the Indian military; the carrier launched 10-15 sorties per day during its two-month deployment.^[51]

On 5 November 2015, France announced Charles de Gaulle would return to the area to conduct operations^[52] and the ship departed from its base in Toulon, southern France, on 18 November.^[53] Although originally planned to redeploy to the Persian Gulf, the carrier and its strike group was re-routed to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea off the Syrian coastline, much closer to targets within Syria. Sources claim Charles de Gaulle has a larger than normal air wing of 26 fighters consisting of 18 Rafales and 8 Super Étendards; the carrier has approximately 31-34 aircraft total (the official limit is 40 aircraft,^[6] 35 Rafales + 2 Hawkeyes + 3 helicopters)^[54] The carrier began operations on 23 November 2015, 10 days after the ISIL terrorist attacks in Paris.^[55] On 7 December 2015, Rear Admiral René-Jean Crignola of the French Maritime Force, embarked in Charles de Gaulle, took command of U.S. Naval Forces Central Command's Task Force 50, leading coalition naval strike operations. He was the first non-American to do so.^[56]

In June 2016, the United States Navy awarded the crew of the Charles de Gaulle a Meritorious Unit Commendation for its accomplishments.^[57]

In late September 2016, the Charles de Gaulle was deployed from Toulon to the Syrian coast for the Battle of Mosul. Its squadron of 24 Rafale M jets is supporting the international coalition against ISIL through airstrikes and reconnaissance missions.^[58]^[59]

Midlife upgrade

The aircraft carrier underwent an 18-month midlife upgrade and refit from February 2017,^[60]^[61] returning to service in September 2018.^[62]

Future replacement

Following completion of the midlife upgrade, in October 2018 the French armed forces minister announced an 18-month study to determine the requirements for a future carrier. The size requirements, propulsion options - both conventional and nuclear - and aircraft-launching capabilities will be assessed before a decision is made in 2020.^[63]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

1. ^¹Roche, vol.2, p.423
2. ^Roche, vol.2, p.128
3. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/2008/06/04/aujourdhui-le-c/ |title=Le Charles de Gaulle a ses nouvelles hélices américaines |language= fr |publisher=Libération |date=4 June 2008 |accessdate=8 May 2015}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Alan J. Kuperman|title=Nuclear Terrorism and Global Security: The Challenge of Phasing Out Highly Enriched Uranium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfrEyypo-1oC&pg=PA189|accessdate=20 October 2015|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-10586-0|pages=189–}}
5. ^¹{{cite web| url =http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Non-Power-Nuclear-Applications/Transport/Nuclear-Powered-Ships/| title =Nuclear-Powered Ships | last = | first = | date = August 2015| website = | publisher =World Nuclear Association | access-date = 20 October 2015 | quote = }}
6. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/cdg.htm |title=Charles de Gaulle |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |date=10 June 2013 |accessdate=7 November 2014}}
7. ^{{Cite web |url=http://airheadsfly.com/2016/03/21/historic-super-etendards-final-carrier-launch/ |title="Historic Super Etendard's final carrier launch", Airheadsfly, march 31, 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708041004/http://airheadsfly.com/2016/03/21/historic-super-etendards-final-carrier-launch/ |archive-date=8 July 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
8. ^{{cite news|url=http://theaviationist.com/2014/01/20/hornet-on-french-carrier/ |title=U.S. F/A-18E Hornet operates from French Aircraft Carrier |date=20 January 2014 |accessdate=8 May 2015}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/operations/libye-un-aeronef-americain-apponte-sur-le-charles-de-gaulle/ |title=Libye : un aéronef américain apponte sur le Charles de Gaulle |date=7 June 2011 |accessdate=8 May 2015}}
10. ^{{cite news |url=http://theaviationist.com/2014/01/15/rafale-operate-uss-truman/ |title=French Rafale fighter jets operate from U.S. aircraft carrier |work=theaviationist.com |date=15 January 2014 |accessdate=8 May 2015}}
11. ^¹{{fr icon}} senat.fr
12. ^Following the traditional name Richelieu for capital ships in the French Navy, previously the battleship {{ship|French battleship|Richelieu||2}} of the Second World War.
13. ^{{cite news | first = Paul | last = Webster |author2=Norton-Taylor, Richard | title = French Foil MI6 Carrier Snoop | work=The Guardian | page = 1 | date = 23 August 1993 }}
14. ^{{cite news | last = | title = MI6 Carrier Affair Denied | work=The Guardian | page = 3 | date = 24 August 1993 }}
15. ^{{Cite web|last=Muradian|first=Vago|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-66960447.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162105/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-66960447.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=French Carrier Cancels U.S. Visit Over Broken Prop, Incident May Delay Commissioning|work=Defense Daily|date=14 November 2000|accessdate=23 June 2015|subscription=yes|via=HighBeam Research}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-68740252.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162539/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-68740252.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=France Faults De Gaulle Prop Failure On Manufacturer, To Seek Second Source|work=Defense Daily|date=3 January 2001|accessdate=23 June 2015|subscription=yes|via=HighBeam Research}}
17. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/societe/20001222.OBS0479/charles-de-gaulle-la-fonderie-impliquee.html|title=Charles-de-Gaulle : la fonderie impliquée|work=L'Obs|access-date=2018-07-25|language=fr-FR}}
18. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-54010305.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181458/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-54010305.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=French aircraft carrier returns home after mission near Afghanistan|agency=Associated Press|date=1 July 2002|accessdate=24 June 2015|subscription=yes|via=HighBeam Research}}
19. ^"[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020311-1.html President Thanks World Coalition for Anti-Terrorism Efforts]", The White House, 11 March 2002. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
20. ^`French jets patrolled Indo-Pak. coastline' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111112522/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/07/04/stories/2002070407221200.htm |date=11 November 2006 }} The Hindu. Retrieved 3 November 2006
21. ^Has Pakistan Lost Its Nuclear Weapons? {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219101127/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE5-1/narayanan.html |date=19 February 2012 }} Bharat Rakshak Monitor. Retrieved 3 November 2006
22. ^"En Garde!" (August 2002). Journal of Electronic Defense.
23. ^{{cite news | first = Sandeep | last = Dikshit | title = Indian, French navies plan exercises from Monday | url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/26/stories/2006032601271500.htm | work=The Hindu | date =26 March 2006 | accessdate =1 November 2006 | location=Chennai, India}}
24. ^{{cite news | title = Indo-French Joint Naval Exercise 'Varuna 06' | url = http://indiannavy.nic.in/pres03.htm | publisher = Indian Navy | date = 24 March 2006 | accessdate = 1 November 2006 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061113035926/http://indiannavy.nic.in/pres03.htm | archivedate = 13 November 2006 | df = dmy-all }}
25. ^"Entretien et Modernisation du Charles de Gaulle{{dead link|date=July 2011}}" (PDF). French Navy Press Release'. Retrieved 22 May 2008
26. ^French Carrier Heads Home a Day into Anti-Piracy, Afghan Mission{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE, 14 October 2010
27. ^¹{{cite web | title= Fifth Deployment for French Charles de Gaulle Aircraft Carrier | url= http://www.defpro.com/news/details/19346/ | work= defpros.news | publisher= Defense Professional | date= 3 November 2010 | accessdate= 12 November 2010 | deadurl= yes | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101106024758/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/19346 | archivedate= 6 November 2010 | df= dmy-all }}
28. ^¹{{cite web | title=French naval exercise ‘Operation Agapanthus 2010’ concludes | url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/French-naval-exercise-%E2%80%98Operation-Agapanthus-2010%E2%80%99-concludes/6363/3/13.html | work=Defence & Aerospace News | publisher=Brahmand.com | date=22 February 2011 | accessdate=23 February 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708090619/http://www.brahmand.com/news/French-naval-exercise-%E2%80%98Operation-Agapanthus-2010%E2%80%99-concludes/6363/3/13.html | archivedate=8 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}
29. ^¹²{{cite web |title=French warship to join US fleet in PG |url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/148623.html |work=France |publisher=PressTV |date=28 October 2010 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101094720/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/148623.html |archivedate=1 November 2010 |df=dmy }}
30. ^¹{{cite web | author= Vivek Ragahuvanshi | title= Indo-French Naval Exercises Set To Start | url= http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=5390485&c=SEA&s=TOP | publisher= DefenseNews | date= 6 January 2011 | accessdate= 10 January 2011 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
31. ^{{cite web|title=French Rafale jet crashes off Pakistan's coast; pilot parachutes to safety |url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/world/breakingnews/french-rafale-jet-crashes-off-pakistans-coast-pilot-parachutes-to-safety-110935929.html |work=Winnipeg Free Press |date=28 November 2010 |accessdate=28 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201083131/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/world/breakingnews/french-rafale-jet-crashes-off-pakistans-coast-pilot-parachutes-to-safety-110935929.html |archivedate=1 December 2010 }}
32. ^{{cite web | title= Navy ship joins French carrier for Christmas | url= http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/Navy-ship-joins-French-carrier.6669505.jp | work=The News | publisher=Johnston Press Digital Publishing | date= 23 December 2010 | accessdate=23 December 2010}}
33. ^{{cite web | title= Largest Indo-French Naval Exercise Yet From Tomorrow | url= http://www.defence.pk/forums/india-defence/87735-largest-indo-french-naval-exercise-yet-tomorrow.html | work=Forum | publisher=PakistanDefence | year= 2011 | accessdate=26 February 2011}}
34. ^{{cite web | title= Stopover of the French aircraft-carrier "Charles de Gaulle" in Goa | url= http://bombay.ambafrance-in.org/spip.php?article1195 | publisher= Consulate General of France in Bombay | year= 2011 | accessdate= 1 March 2011 | deadurl= yes | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110725002036/http://bombay.ambafrance-in.org/spip.php?article1195 | archivedate= 25 July 2011 | df= dmy-all }}
35. ^{{cite web | title= French Naval vessels berth in Khorfakkan during goodwill visit | url= http://logisticsweek.com/ocean/2011/01/french-naval-vessels-berth-in-khorfakkan-during-goodwill-visit/ | work=NewsDesk | publisher=LogisticsWeek | date= 30 January 2011 | accessdate=23 February 2011}}
36. ^{{cite web | author=Asif Nazeer | title=France sends aircraft carrier to Libya | url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/8524568-france-sends-aircraft-carrier-to-libya | publisher=allvoices.com | date=19 March 2011 | accessdate=19 March 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004090128/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/8524568-france-sends-aircraft-carrier-to-libya | archivedate=4 October 2012 | df=dmy-all }}
37. ^{{cite web | author= Pierre Tran | title= France Deploys About 20 Aircraft to Enforce Libya No-Fly Zone | url= http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=6007194&c=EUR&s=AIR | publisher= DefenseNews | date= 19 March 2011 | accessdate= 19 March 2011 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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39. ^¹{{cite web |title= French Aircraft Carrier Charles de Gaulle back at sea for Naval Aviation pilots qualification | url= http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=317 | publisher= NavyRecognition.com | date= 6 February 2012 | accessdate=29 June 2012}}
40. ^¹²{{cite web |title= French Aircraft Carrier Charles de Gaulle deploys in the Mediterranean | url= http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=392 | publisher= NavyRecognition.com | date= 16 March 2012 | accessdate=29 June 2012}}
41. ^¹²{{cite web |title= FANAL 2012: French Navy Carrier Battle Group Exercise | url= http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=432 | publisher= NavyRecognition.com | date= 10 April 2012 | accessdate=29 June 2012}}
42. ^{{cite web |title= In Focus | url= https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/a-la-une/fanal-2012-le-groupe-aeronaval-remonte-en-puissance&prev=/search%3Fq%3DFANAL%2B2012%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D511%26prmd%3Dimvns&sa=X&ei=njHuT48piPryBNH5vYYC&ved=0CFgQ7gEwBQ | publisher= Marine nationale | date= 11 April 2012 | accessdate=29 June 2012 | quote=Translated into English}}
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44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/dga/equipement/naval/le-porte-avions-2-pa2 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120191448/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/dga/equipement/naval/le-porte-avions-2-pa2 |archivedate=20 November 2011 |df=dmy }} French Ministry of Defence
45. ^http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/livre-blanc-2013
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50. ^French Aircraft Carrier in Gulf for IS Fight - Defensenews.com, 23 February 2015
51. ^French Carrier Charles de Gaulle Bound for India After Two Months of Strikes Against ISIS - News.USNI.org, 20 April 2015
52. ^France To Deploy Aircraft Carrier in Anti-IS Fight in Syria, Iraq - Defensenews.com, 5 November 2015
53. ^France Sends Charles de Gaulle Carrier Against ISIS - Defensenews.com, 18 November 2015
54. ^French Carrier Strike Group to Deploy to Eastern Mediterranean with Largest Airwing Ever - Navyrecognition.com, 16 November 2015
55. ^French Fighters Launch from Carrier Charles de Gaulle Against ISIS Targets in Iraq - News.USNI.org, 23 November 2015
56. ^France Takes Command of NAVCENT Task Force 50 - www.navy.mil, 7 December 2015
57. ^Lyons, Patrick, Whose carrier rivals the US Navy's, New York Times, August 10, 2016, p.A3
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61. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2018/04/30/33210|title=French, U.S. Naval Aviators Learn to Work Together Ahead of Middle East Deployment|date=30 April 2018|publisher=}}
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