| 词条 | William Easterly |
| 释义 |
| name = William Easterly | school_tradition = Chicago School | image =William Easterly by Jerry Bauer.jpg | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|9|7}} | birth_place = Morgantown, West Virginia | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = United States | field = Political economy, International development | doctoral_advisor = Lance J. Taylor[1] | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | influences = Friedrich von Hayek, Milton Friedman | influenced = | contributions = | repec_prefix = e | repec_id = pea1 }} William Russell Easterly (born September 7, 1957) is an American economist, specializing in economic development. He is a Professor of Economics at New York University, joint with Africa House, and Co-Director of NYU’s Development Research Institute.[2] He is a Research Associate of NBER, senior fellow at the Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development (BREAD) of Duke University, and a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington DC. Easterly is an associate editor of the Journal of Economic Growth. He is the author of three books: The Tyranny of Experts: Economists, Dictators, and the Forgotten Rights of the Poor (2014),[3] which was a finalist for the 2015 Hayek Prize,[4] The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (2006), which won the 2008 Hayek Prize, and The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists’ Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics (2001). Easterly maintained a blog called Aid Watch[5] where he posted regularly about aid related issues. The blog was active between January 2009 and May 2011.[6] He has also spoken at the Templeton Foundation with Dambisa Moyo[7] as well as written in the press to respond to critics such as Jeffrey Sachs.[8] BiographyBorn in West Virginia and raised in Bowling Green, Ohio, Easterly received his BA from Bowling Green State University in 1979 and his Ph.D. in Economics from MIT in 1985. He spent sixteen years as a Research Economist at the World Bank and was adjunct professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. From 1985 to 2001 he worked at the World Bank as an economist and Senior Adviser at the Macroeconomics and Growth Division. He then worked at the Institute for International Economics and the Center for Global Development until 2003, when he began teaching at NYU.[9] He has worked in many areas of the developing world and some transition economies, most heavily in Africa, Latin America, and Russia. He is the author of The Tyranny of Experts: Economists, Dictators, and the Forgotten Rights of the Poor (Basic Books, 2014), The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (Penguin, 2006), The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics (MIT, 2001), 3 other co-edited books, and more than 60 articles in refereed economics journals. His work has been discussed in media outlets such as National Public Radio, the BBC, the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, The Economist, The New Yorker, Forbes, Business Week, the Financial Times, and the Christian Science Monitor.[10] On May 6, 2017, Easterly was given an honorary doctoral degree in social sciences from Bowling Green State University.[11] Academic workEasterly is skeptical toward many of the trends that are common in the field of foreign aid. In The Elusive Quest for Growth he analyzes the reasons why foreign aid to many third world countries has failed to produce sustainable growth. He reviews the many “panaceas” that have been tried since World War II but had little to show for their efforts. Among them is one that has recently come back into fashion: debt relief. That remedy has been tried many times before, he argues, with negative results more often than positive, and calls for a more scrutinizing process.[12] In The White Man's Burden (the title refers to Rudyard Kipling's famous poem of the same name), Easterly elaborates on his views about the meaning of foreign aid. Released in the wake of Live8, the book is critical of people like Bob Geldof and Bono (“The white band's burden”[13]) and especially of fellow economist Jeffrey Sachs and his bestselling book The End of Poverty.[14] Easterly suspects that such messianic do-good missions are ultimately modern reincarnations of the infamous colonial conceit of yore. He distinguishes two types of foreign aid donors: “Planners”, who believe in imposing top-down big plans on poor countries, and “Searchers”, who look for bottom-up solutions to specific needs. Planners are portrayed as utopian, while Searchers are more realistic as they focus—following Karl Popper—on piecemeal interventions. Searchers, according to Easterly, have a much better chance to succeed. In The Tyranny of Experts, Easterly analyzes a broader shortcoming of the development community's efforts—failure to recognize the importance of the rights of the poor. Development, he argues, is narrowly focused on the material well-being of its intended beneficiaries. Development "experts" champion technical solutions such as mosquito nets or latrines, believing they will end poverty. Easterly argues that these technical solutions by experts fail to address the core of the problem. The lack of individual rights, including political and economic ones, prevents the poor from implementing bottom-up, spontaneously emerging solutions to development problems, and from defending their interests from abusive dictators. Development organizations often side with abusive autocrats by lauding their development achievements (which, economic analysis shows, cannot be credited to leaders[15]) and ignoring their dismal human rights records. The first step, Easterly argues, is to at least open a debate, a discussion about why the rights of the poor matter. Sachs responded to Easterly's arguments, leading to a prolonged debate.[16] Sachs accused Easterly of excessive pessimism, overestimating costs, and overlooking past successes. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen has praised Easterly for analysis of the problems of foreign aid, but criticized his sweeping debarment of all plans, lacking the due distinctions between different types of problems, and not giving the aid institutions credit for understanding the points he is making.[17]Easterly had also produced critical reviews of, and received rebuttals from, Cambridge University economist Ha-Joon Chang.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Productivity and factor world theoryEasterly has discussed the effect of globalisation on inequality. Looking at the reasons for income inequality he has used the concepts of factor world and productivity world. In the factor world model differences of capital per worker cause differences, in the productivity world model it is productivity that causes income inequality.[18] Productivity world describes that relative productivity among factors of production is the same in the sectors across countries, but rich countries have absolute productivity advantage. The opposite concept being factor world, this claims factors of production movement based on free movement of those factors which in theory would reduce inequality between nations.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} PublicationsBook section
See also
References1. ^[https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/15128 A computable general equilibrium model of Mexico with portfolio balances : with application to devaluation.] 2. ^NYU Development Research Institute 3. ^"The Tyranny of Experts" on William Easterly's website 4. ^The Manhattan Institute Announces Shortlist for Hayek Book Prize, January 29, 2015 5. ^http://www.aidwatchers.com 6. ^http://aidwatchers.com/2011/05/aid-watch-blog-ends-new-work-on-development-begins/ 7. ^http://www.templeton.org/events/book_forums/bf_20090324.html 8. ^{{cite news | last = Easterly | first = William | title = Aid Amnesia: Jeffrey Sachs has gone down the rabbit hole on the aid debate. He doesn't even remember what it was all about. | publisher = foreignpolicy.com | date = January 23, 2014 | url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/23/aid-amnesia/ | quote = Apparently there is nobody left, not even Sachs himself, to defend the case for aid as the engine of development in the poorest countries . . . .}} 9. ^[https://williameasterly.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/easterly-apr-3-2013-cv.pdf Curriculum Vita, William Easterly, April 3, 2013] 10. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.nyu.edu/fas/institute/dri/Easterly/| title = NYU Homepage for William Easterly| accessdate = 2006-06-26}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=BGSU|url=http://www.bgsu.edu/news/2017/05/this-university-is-home-to-me.html}} 12. ^Think Again: Debt Relief, Foreign Policy 13. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoV-wtxyQKY William Easterly on Al Jazeera ] English's Riz Khan show 14. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25562-2005Mar10.html A Modest Proposal, A Review of "The End of Poverty."] 15. ^http://www.nyudri.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Easterly-Pennings-2014-Jan-Leaders-and-Growth.pdf 16. ^http://reason.com/archives/2013/10/04/the-big-aid-debate-is-over 17. ^Amartya Sen, [https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/2006-03-01/man-without-plan The Man Without a Plan], Foreign Affairs. March/April 2006 18. ^jstor.org/stable/25063190?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents 19. ^https://www.brookings.edu/book/brookings-trade-forum-2004/ External links{{External links|date=January 2018}}
13 : 1957 births|Living people|Bowling Green State University alumni|American political writers|American male non-fiction writers|People from Bowling Green, Ohio|Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni|New York University faculty|Development specialists|Development economists|21st-century American economists|21st-century American non-fiction writers|Economists from Ohio |
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