| 词条 | William X. O'Brien |
| 释义 |
|name = William X. O'Brien |image = William_X_O'Brien.jpg |office = Teachta Dála |term_start = July 1937 |term_end = May 1938 |term_start2 = June 1927 |term_end2 = August 1927 |constituency2 = Tipperary |term_start3 = June 1922 |term_end3 = August 1923 |constituency3 = Dublin South |birth_date = {{birth date|1881|1|23|df=y}} |birth_place = Clonakilty, Ireland |death_date = {{death date and age|1968|10|31|1881|1|23|df=y}} |party = National Labour Party {{small|(1944–46)}} Labour Party {{small|(1912–44)}} |occupation = Trade union leader |nationality = Irish }}William X. O'Brien (23 January 1881 – 31 October 1968) was a politician and trade unionist in Ireland.[1] Born in Clonakilty, County Cork, and christened 'John William',[2] O'Brien moved with his family to Dublin in 1897, and quickly became involved in the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP).[3] O'Brien is described as "a very significant figure in the ISRP" by the historian of the ISRP, David Lynch.[4] He was a member of the Socialist Party of Ireland, serving on its executive.[5] A close friend and associate of James Connolly,[3] O'Brien helped establish the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union in 1909, and was instrumental in the Dublin Lock-out strike in 1913.[6] A member of the Irish Neutrality League, and Anti-Conscription Committee, during the World War I, O'Brien was interned on several occasions by the Dublin Castle government.[7] During one of these instances, he stood in the 1920 Stockport by-election, but was refused a release to campaign in it. With the formation of the Irish Free State, O'Brien was elected as Teachta Dála (TD) for Dublin South at the 1922 general election, and again for Tipperary in June 1927 and again in 1937.[8] An important figure in the Labour Party in Ireland in its formative days, O'Brien resisted James Larkin's attempt to gain control of the Party on release from prison. Taking Larkin to court over his occupation of ITGWU headquarters, the Larkin-O'Brien feud resulted in a split within the labour and trade union movements, and the formation of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions.[9] Ideologically, O'Brien was a Reformist and Democratic Socialist, believing that Irish socialists should bring about socialism via the ballot box, not through violence or direct action. Despite his Easter Rising links, he consistently avoided endorsing militancy as a tool of the labour movement in Ireland. This viewpoint contrasted strongly to the beliefs of Jim Larkin and was partially why the two could not agree to co-operate. Only once did O'Brien seriously consider militancy; during the dawn of the Irish Civil War and fearing the worst, O'Brien and other Labour leaders turned towards the Irish Citizen Army, proposing the concept of a "Workers' Army", of which the ICA would form the nucleus. However, this idea was rebuffed. O'Brien was once asked if was disappointed that the Irish electorate hadn't used their new parliamentary democracy to push for a stronger socialist presence, O'Brien reaffirmed his view by stating: {{Cquote|quote=It is not for me or anybody else to determine how the people should exercise their democratic and constitutional rights. The main thing is that they should have these rights. How they use them is for them to decide.[10]}} In 1930, O'Brien sought to have Leon Trotsky granted asylum in Ireland, but the head of the Free State government, W. T. Cosgrave, refused to allow it.[11] Active in politics and the trade union movement into his 60s, O'Brien retired in 1946 and died on 31 October 1968. References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/members-hist/default.asp?housetype=0&HouseNum=3&MemberID=829&ConstID=90|title=Mr. William O'Brien|work=Oireachtas Members Database|accessdate=16 April 2012}} {{s-start}}{{s-off}}{{s-bef|before = Michael O'Lehane}}{{s-ttl|title = President of the Irish Trades Union Congress2. ^William O'Brien 1881-1968: Socialist, Republican, Dáil Deputy, Editor, and Trade Union Leader, Thomas J. Morrissey, Four Courts Press, 2007, pg 1 3. ^1 {{cite book|last=Morrissey SJ|first=Thomas J.|title=William O'Brien, 1881–1968 - Socialist, republican, Dáil deputy, editor and trade union leader|publisher=Four Courts Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84682-067-0}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Lynch|first=David|title = Radical Politics in Modern Ireland A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party 1896-1904|publisher=Irish Academic Press Ltd|year=2005|page=21|isbn=978-0-7165-3356-6}} 5. ^ Barberis et al, Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations, p.207-208, 251 6. ^{{cite book|last=Yeates|first=Padraig|title=Lockout: Dublin 1913|publisher=Macmillan|year=2001|isbn=0-312-23890-8}} 7. ^{{cite web|url = http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/cc1913/ica.html | title = The Irish Citizen Army - history| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/19980416094506/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/cc1913/ica.html | archivedate= 16 April 1998 | publisher = Blackened.net }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=1269|title=William O'Brien|work=ElectionsIreland.org|accessdate=16 April 2012}} 9. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.siptu.ie/AboutSIPTU/History/ | publisher = SIPTU.ie | title = History, An Overview | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060222051550/http://www.siptu.ie/AboutSIPTU/History/ | archivedate= 22 February 2006 }} 10. ^Mitchell, A. (2019). William O'Brien, 1881-1968, and the Irish Labour Movement. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, [online] 60(239/240), pp.311-331. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30088733 [Accessed 12 Jan. 2019]. 11. ^{{cite book|last=Keogh|first= Dermot |title=Jews in Twentieth-century Ireland: Refugees, Anti-semitism and the Holocaust|publisher=Cork University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-1-85918-150-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ae1vo477tVgC&pg=PA264&dq=%27How+Leon+Trotsky+was+refused+admission+to+the+Irish+Free+State}} |years = 1913}}{{s-aft|after = James Larkin}}{{s-bef|before = Thomas MacPartlin}}{{s-ttl|title = President of the Dublin Trades Council |years = 1914}}{{s-aft|after = Thomas Farren}}{{s-bef|before = John Simmons}}{{s-ttl|title = Secretary of the Dublin Trades Council |years = 1913–1918}}{{s-aft|after = Thomas Farren}}{{s-bef|before = Thomas MacPartlin}}{{s-ttl|title = President of the Irish Trades Union Congress |years = 1918}}{{s-aft|after = Thomas Cassidy}}{{s-bef|before = P. T. Daly}}{{s-ttl|title = General Secretary of the Irish Trades Union Congress |years = 1918–1920}}{{s-aft|after = Thomas Johnson}}{{s-bef|before = Thomas Johnson}}{{s-ttl|title = Treasurer of the Irish Trades Union Congress |years = 1921–1924}}{{s-aft|after = Archie Heron}}{{s-bef|before = James Larkin}}{{s-ttl|title = General Secretary of the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union |years = 1924–1946}}{{s-aft|after = Thomas Kennedy?}}{{s-bef|before = Luke Duffy}}{{s-ttl|title = President of the Irish Trades Union Congress |years = 1925}}{{s-aft|after = Denis Cullen}}{{s-bef|before = Archie Heron}}{{s-ttl|title = Treasurer of the Irish Trades Union Congress |years = 1926–1929}}{{s-aft|after = Denis Cullen}}{{s-bef|before = Sam Kyle}}{{s-ttl|title = President of the Irish Trades Union Congress |years = 1941}}{{s-aft|after = Michael Colgan}}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Obrien, William X.}} 8 : 1881 births|1968 deaths|Labour Party (Ireland) TDs|Members of the 3rd Dáil|Members of the 5th Dáil|Members of the 9th Dáil|Politicians from County Cork|Irish socialists |
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