释义 |
- Reclamation Dictionary
- Phonology Consonants Vowels
- Sample vocabulary "Wagga Wagga" Animals Family Numbers Anatomy Verbs Other Phrases Introductions Greetings
- Notes
- References
- External links
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}{{Infobox language |name=Wiradjuri |nativename=Wirraaydhuurray Wirraayjuurray |region=New South Wales |ethnicity=Wiradjuri, Weraerai, ?Jeithi |speakers=30 |date=2005 |ref=[1] |familycolor=Australian |fam1=Pama–Nyungan |fam2=Wiradhuric |dia1= Wirraayaraay (Wiraiari) |dia2=? Jeithi |iso3=wrh |glotto=wira1262 |glottorefname=Wiradhuri |map=Wiradhuric languages.png |aiatsis=D10 }}Wiradjuri ({{IPAc-en|w|ə|ˈ|r|æ|dʒ|ʊ|r|i}};[2] many other spellings, see Wiradjuri) is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup. It is the traditional language of the Wiradjuri people of Australia. A progressive revival is underway, with the language being taught in schools. Wiraiari and Jeithi may have been dialects.[3][4]ReclamationThe Wiradjuri language is taught in primary schools, secondary schools and at TAFE in the towns of Parkes and Forbes with the students being both indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.[5] As of 2017 the language is also being taught in Young where it has been observed as having a positive impact on the number of pupils self identifying as Aboriginal.[6] DictionaryThe process of reclaiming the language was greatly assisted by the publication in 2005 of A First Wiradjuri Dictionary by elder Stan Grant Senior and consultant Dr John Rudder. John Rudder described the dictionary: "The Wiradjuri Dictionary has three main sections in just over 400 B5 pages. The first two sections, English to Wiradjuri, and Wiradjuri to English, have about 5,000 entries each. The third sections lists Names of Things grouped in categories such as animals, birds, plants, climate, body parts, colours. In addition to those main sections the dictionary contains an introduction to accurate pronunciation, a basic grammar of the language and a sample range of sentence types." A revised edition,[7] holding over 8,000 words, was published in 2010 and launched in Wagga Wagga, with the launch described by the member for Wagga Wagga to the New South Wales Parliament.[8][9] A mobile app based on the book is also available for [https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/wiradjuri-language-dictionary/id1424855887 iOS], [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.regenr8.wiradjuridictionary Android] and a [https://wiradjuri.wcclp.com.au web based] version.[10] Phonology Consonants | Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | Labial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar |
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Stop | b}} | ɡ}} | d̪}} | ɟ}} | d}} |
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Nasal | m}} | ŋ}} | n̪}} | ɲ}} | n}} |
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Lateral | l}} |
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Rhotic | r}} |
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Approximant | w}} | j}} | ɹ}} |
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Vowels Short | Long | Close | ɪ}} | iː}} |
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Open | ə}} | aː}} |
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Back | ʊ}} | oː}}~{{IPAlink|uː}} |
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[11]Sample vocabulary"Wagga Wagga"The Aboriginal inhabitants of the Wagga Wagga region were the Wiradjuri people and the term "Wagga" and derivatives of that word in the Wiradjuri language is thought to mean 'crow'. To create the plural, reduplication is done, thus "Wagga Wagga" translates to "the place of many crows".{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} AnimalsEnglish | Wiradjuri | animal (in general) | gidyira, balugan | animal (male) | wambi | animal (female) | gunal | baby (chicken or pup) | mangga | bat | ngarradan | bat/bird (in general) | budyaan | bilby | ngundawang, bilbi, balbu, barru | brushtail possum (male) | gidyay | brush-tailed rock-wallaby | wirrang, barrbay | bunyip | waawii seema | butterfly | budyabudya | cattle | gurruganbalang | cockatiel | guwariyan | common wallaroo | walaruu, yulama | dingo | yugay, warragul, dinggu, dawarang, garingali (female) | dog | mirri | echidna | wandayali, wandhayirra, ganyi, ginaginbaany, guwandiyala, wambiyala | emu | dinawan | frog | gulaangga | horse | yarraman | horse (stallion) | yindaay | kangaroo | wambuwany | koala | burrandhang | kookaburra | gugubarra | long-nosed bandicoot | gurawang, guyand, gurang | magpie | garuu | owl | ngugug | platypus | biladurang | possum | wilay | red kangaroo (female) | bandhaa | snake | gadi | sugar glider | gindaany | swan | dhundhu | quoll | mabi, babila, mugiiny-mabi | wombat | wambad |
FamilyEnglish | Wiradjuri | mother | gunhi | father | babiin | son | wurrumany | sister (older) | mingaan | sister (younger) | minhi | brother (older) | gaagang | brother (younger) | gagamin | girl | migay | boy | birrany | baby | gudha | grandmother | badhiin, baaydyin |
NumbersEnglish | Wiradjuri | one | ngumbaay | two | bula | three | bula ngumbaay | four | bungu, bula bula | five | name=five|These two words share the same meaning.}} | six | marra ngumbaay | seven | marra bula | eight | marra bula ngumbaay | nine | marra bungu | ten | marra marra, dyinang |
AnatomyEnglish | Wiradjuri | backside | bubul | chest | birring | eye | mil | hand | name=five}} | testicles | buurruu, garra | {{notelist}}VerbsEnglish | Wiradjuri | to dance | waganha | to dig | wangarra | to laugh | gindanha | to swim | bambinya |
OtherEnglish | Wiradjuri | yes | ngawa | no | wiray | home | gunya | money/pebbles | walang |
PhrasesIntroductionsEnglish | Wiradjuri | What's your name? | Widyu-ndhu yuwin ngulung? | My name is James. | Yuwin ngadhi James. | Who's this one? | Ngandhi nginha? | This is mother. | Nginha gunhi. |
GreetingsEnglish | Wiradjuri | Are you well? | Yamandhu marang? | Yes, I'm well. | Ngawa baladhu marang. | That's good. | Marang nganha. |
Notes1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wrh|title=Wiradhuri|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-06-10|language=en}} 2. ^{{OED|Wiradjuri}} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780|page=xxxiv}} 4. ^There is quite some confusion over the names Wirraayarray, Wiriyarray, and Wirray Wirray. See AIATSIS:Wirraayaraay. 5. ^How a language transformed a town 6. ^ 7. ^Wiradjui Dictionary, Stan Grant (SNR) and Dr John Rudder, 2010 8. ^ABC news interview with Grant 9. ^Hansard of Parliament of New South Wales, Daryl Maguire & Barry Collier, 12 November 2010 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://regenr8.org/language-revitalisation/apps/wiradjuri-dictionary/|title=Wiradjuri Dictionary - RegenR8|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-29}} 11. ^{{Cite book|title=A New Wiradjuri Dictionary|last=Grant; Rudder|first=Stan; John|publisher=|year=2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
References- {{cite book |last=Günther |first=James |authorlink=James Günther |year=1892 |chapter=Grammar and Vocabulary of the Aboriginal dialect called Wirradhuri |editor=Fraser, John |title=An Australian Language |pages=56–120 of appendix |location=Sydney |publisher=Government printer}}
- {{cite book |last=Hale |first=Horatio |authorlink=Horatio Hale |year=1846 |chapter=The languages of Australia |title=Ethnography and philology |others=Vol VI of Reports of the United States Exploring Expedition, under the command of Charles Wilkes |pages=457–531 |location=New York |publisher=Lea and Blanchard}}
- {{cite book |last=Hosking |first=Dianne |authorlink=Dianne Hosking |author2=McNicol, Sally |authorlink2=Sally McNicol |year=1993 |title=Wiradjuri |publisher=Panther Publishing}}
- {{cite journal |last=Mathews |first=R. H. |authorlink=R. H. Mathews |date=Jul–Dec 1904 |title=The Wiradyuri and Other Languages of New South Wales |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=34 |pages=284–305 |doi=10.2307/2843103 |jstor=2843103 |publisher=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 34}}
- {{cite book |last=McNicol |first=Sally |authorlink=SallyMcNicol |author2=Hosking, Dianne |authorlink2=Dianne Hosking |year=1994 |chapter=Wiradjuri |editor=Nick Thieberger, William McGregor |title=Macquarie Aboriginal Words |location=Sydney |publisher=Macquarie Library |pages=79–99}}
External links- {{cite web|title=Wiradjuri Materials|url=http://rosella.apana.org.au/~jtr/wirad.html|website=Restoration House: Publishers of Australian Aboriginal Material|accessdate=31 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109091218/http://rosella.apana.org.au/~jtr/wirad.html|archivedate=2004-11-09}}
- A New Wiradjuri dictionary
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502032613/http://rosella.apana.org.au/~jtr/profile.html profiles of Grant and Rudder]
- Wiradjuri language, alphabet and pronunciation
- Peter Andren MP with material on the Wiradjuri
{{wikisourcepar|The Wiradyuri and Other Languages of New South Wales}}- {{cite web|title=A first Wiradjuri dictionary vol 2|url=http://blackwebs.photoaccess.org.au/%7Ewiradjurildp/wdictionaryvol2.html|website=WIRADJURI LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT|accessdate=31 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026000520/http://blackwebs.photoaccess.org.au/~wiradjurildp/wdictionaryvol2.html|archivedate=2009-10-26}}
- More information on Learning Wiradjuri{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20091016051456/http://www.wit.tafensw.edu.au/course-information/industry-areas/aboriginal-programs/courses/course-details/?id=1786 Learn Wiradjuri at TAFE]
{{Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales}}{{Pama–Nyungan languages|East}} 3 : Wiradhuric languages|Wiradjuri|Endangered indigenous Australian languages in New South Wales |